This paper discusses the Brazilian photovoltaic gridconnected inverters standard comparatively with their European and North American counterparts. The electrical characteristics between the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system and the electrical distribution network, required by the ABNT NBR 16149 standard, are described in detail. A comparison with its related standards in Europe (IEC Std. 61727) and United States (IEEE Std. 1547) is carried out, and finally is presented the standards implications.
The aim of this paper is to create an education tool to estimate the losses and the dynamic behavior of the junction temperature of a semiconductor device, to be employed in a simulation software of electrical circuits. It must be highlighted that the temperature is one of the most important variables to be controlled in a switch-mode power converter and presents a great impact on converter efficiency and power density. Due to the lack of a simple tool to analyze the thermal behavior of a static converter, this paper proposes an algorithm to predict the losses (conduction and switching) and the temperature behavior in a semiconductor device. Using this algorithm the heatsink design can be optimized in order to project a converter with high power density. The methodology which easily extracts the loss and thermal models, without huge computational efforts, is demonstrated. The proposed approach can be used as an educational tool, since it can be easily implemented in a circuit simulation software, assisting students of Power Electronics. It is important to note, that experimental results are presented to validate the proposed approach.
O crescimento da Geração Distribuída (GD) na rede elétrica pode ser um desafio no sistema elétrico de potência quanto à Qualidade de Energia Elétrica (QEE). A estabilidade de inversores fotovoltaicos (FV) é fundamental para o funcionamento adequado destes sistemas. Com base em ensaios realizados em diferentes modelos de inversores FV, este estudo demonstra que estes equipamentos podem apresentar deterioramento do funcionamento quando inseridos em uma rede com alta impedância. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com as normas Brasileiras ABNT NBR 16149 e ABNT NBR 16150 para analisar a qualidade de energia fornecida em dois inversores FV com potência nominal de 1,5 kW e 3kW. Foi analisada a injeção de componente contínua, os níveis de distorção harmônica total e harmônicos, a variação de tensão e de frequência e o fator de potência dos inversores quando inseridos em diferentes níveis de impedância no ponto de acoplamento comum.
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