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Objective : Diffuse astrocytic tumour (DAT) is a diffuse infiltrative astrocytoma tumour accompanied by molecular parameters such as the presence or absence of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutations. Ki-67 is a marker for DAT proliferation, while programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) indicates an immune evasion mechanism. This study aimed to analyze the correlation among mutant IDH1 R132H, Ki-67, and PD-L1 immunoexpression in the DAT. Methods : A cross-sectional study was carried out on 30 paraffin blocks of DAT cases. Paraffin block samples consist of grade II (n=14), grade III (n=8), and grade IV (n=8). In this study, the immunohistochemistry-staining of mutant IDH1 R132H, Ki-67, and PD-L1 were carried out to determine the frequency of DAT with IDH1 mutations. Results : Our study shown the frequency of IDH1 mutations in grade II 50.0% (7/14), grade III 37.5% (3/8), and grade IV 12.5% (1/8). Our study also showed a difference in Ki-67 and PD-L1 expression between each the degree of DAT histopathology (p=0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). There was an association between both mutant IDH1 R132H, and Ki-67 with PD-L1 expression in DAT (p=0.0087 and p=0.0049, respectively). Conclusion : DAT with the mutant IDH1 is frequently observed in grade II and small number of grade III. The expression of wild type IDH1, Ki-67, and PD-L1 were found to be higher in high grade DAT (grade III and grade IV). There is a correlation between each of mutant IDH1 status and Ki-67 with PD-L1 expression in DAT.

The use of non-human primate (NHP) animal models, which anatomical and physiological similarities to human, is important for the sake of learning the anatomical properties. This study aimed to characterize the cranial, maxillofacial, and skull base structures of non-human primates as a potential model suitable for a cranial craniotomy model. Adult Macaca fascicularis (MF) skulls classified asspecificpathogen-free for TB, SIV, SV40, Polio, Foamy virus and Herpes B virus from PT Bio Farma (Persero) Animal Lab. Library were used to represent the anatomical model.The open access database from Mammalian Crania Photographic Archive 2 nd Edition (MCPA2) was used for cranial characterization analysis. This study was performed at the Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital and the Animal Laboratory of PT. Biofarma (Persero) from November 2018 to January 2019. The skull base structures were assessed for its analogies with its human counterpart. Comparison by t-student analysis between male and female skulls shows the mean male cranial length (CL) is greater than in female (116.68 vs 102.50 mm), with p=0.000; the mean male bizygomatic width (BZB) is greater than in female (79.30 vs 69.70 mm) with p=0.001; the mean male posterior cranial breadth (CBN) is greater than in female (63.40 vs 58.79 mm) with p=0.019; and the mean male cranial base length (CBL) is greater than in female (63.32 vs 57.55 mm), with p=0.001. The skull of MF is suitable for Neurosurgery and Neuroscience study since the MF cranial characterization and structure are similar to that of human. Its structure is ideal for performing craniotomy since it has several characteristics such as cranial vault, maxillofacial structure with huge temporal muscle, and skull base structure.

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Background: Dura mater is a special tissue that fulfills a critical function in brain anatomy and physiology. This tissue contains numerous cells, stem cells, and growth factors. This research investigates the protein interaction contributing to dura mater healing process. Methods: We use the available analysis software to perform the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis (http://gpsprot.org/index.php). GPS Protein is an interactive platform for visualizing human protein interaction by integrating HIPPIE and CORUM databases. We excluded HIV-1 proteomic and RNAi databases, instead focused on human PPI (Confidence level 0.75). Two proteins were inputted as query to identify the potential protein network in Dura mater healing according to previous studies, i.e. fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1). Results: PPI results shows a high level (confidence level > 0.75) of protein-protein interaction of TGFβ1 to 197 other proteins (Confidence level ranges: 0.49 - 0.87), and PPI of FGF2 to 26 other proteins (Confidence level ranges: 0.0-0.97). TGFβ1 interactions showed the important interactions to some remodeling proteins. TGFβ1 encoded regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, expression modulation and the activation of other growth factors. It also induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration. Conclusion: This bioinformatics approach is the more efficient and cheaper method for analyzing the molecular aspect of protein that has a special contribution in Dura mater healing process. These results could beneficial in focusing further researches for more complex laboratory examinations.

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