International relief and development personnel may be directly or indirectly exposed to traumatic events that put them at risk for developing symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In order to identify areas of risk and related reactions; surveys were administered to 113 recently returned staff from 5 humanitarian aid agencies. Respondents reporred high rates of direct and indirect exposure to life-threatening events. Approximately 30% of those surveyed reported significant symptoms of PTSD. Multiple regression analysis revealed that personal and vicarious exposure to life-threatening events and an interaction between social support and exposure to life threat accounted for a signifcant amount of variance in PTSD severity. These results suggest the need for personnel programs; predeployment training, risk assessment, and contingency planning may better prepare personnel for service. KEY WORDS: PTSD, trauma exposure; international relief and development personnel; social support.Relief and development organizations around the world have watched the nature of humanitarian relief change in the past decades. Since the late 1970s the incidence of complex humanitarian disasters has been on the rise. Consider the complicated physical, medical, and psychological relief needed in global hot spots such as Rwanda,
This study compared symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a group of 45 adult women in outpatient treatment for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and a group of 31 women who reported no CSA. The comparison group consisted of women in outpatient treatment for problems in their committed relationships with male living partners. This research also investigated the traumatic impact of dual abuse (both childhood sexual and physical abuse). Standardized assessment instruments were used to measure PTSD, CSA, and childhood physical abuse (CPA). Results indicated that 86.7% of the CSA group met criteria for current PTSD in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised; American Psychiatric Association, 1987), compared with 19.4% of the relationship distress group, providing support for CSA as an etiological agent for PTSD. In addition, 89% of the CSA survivors reported CPA. Multivariate analysis revealed that both CSA and CPA exposure variables accounted for a significant portion of the variance in PTSD symptoms in the CSA group.
The level of family therapist complementarity in the early, middle and late stages of therapy was explored. A micro‐analysis of Salvador Minuchin with one family in successful therapy was conducted using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (Benjamin, 1974). Interactions from videotapes representing the three stages were coded. An ANOVA was used to compare sequences that occurred at least 5 times within any given stage. Level of therapist complementarity was significantly greater in the early and late stages than in the middle stage. Furthermore, level of therapist complementarity was significantly correlated with client change. Further research is needed to explore whether these findings can be generalized to other therapists and families.
To explicate the history of integration, I will first provide a context for this discussion by presenting definitions of the word integration as it contrasts with several illuminating antonyms. Embedded in these definitions are historical facets of the relationship between psychology and the disciplines with which psychologists seek to integrate it. This constitutes a historical model for integration that supplements contemporary models (see Tan, Chapter 13, this volume).'
A DIALECTIC WITH DIFFERENTIATIONOrganismic psychologists such as Werner ( 1926/ 1940) and Allport (1937) characterize integration as a dialectic with differentiation in the I am grateful to the following persons who facilitated my search for accurate historical and
Although Christian doctoral programs in clinical psychology have existed for over three decades with the explicit goal of teaching students to integrate psychology and faith, until recently no one had ever examined empirically how students in fact learn to do this, according to the students themselves. Sorenson (1997a) studied students at Rosemead School of Psychology and found that a faculty dimension concerning relational attachment greatly impacted students’ integration, but the question arises whether these results are unique to Rosemead or generalize to other integrative Christian psychology doctoral programs. The present study tested this question empirically by replicating the Sorenson (1997a) study with students of the Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary. Results indicate that Fuller students learn integration the same way Rosemead students do. Implications for integrative programs are discussed in conclusion.
This article is based on pre‐Freudian dream psychology as it was presented in English and American periodicals and journals during the half century from 1860 to 1910. The author briefly examines the place of dreams in early American psychology and the degree of professional interaction and cross‐fertilization of ideas. Major trends in nineteenth‐century dream theory and speculation are examined by discussion of four areas of the literature: the reporting and recording of dreams, dreams and memory, dreams and reality, and consciousness in dreams. The author concludes that the post‐Freudian tradition of experimental dream investigation and clinical dream interpretation has failed to incorporate a third trend in the pre‐Freudian literature: the popular interest in parapsychological dreams and the philosophical interest in the epistemology and metaphysics of dreaming.
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