This PDF file includes: Methods: Collection and Processing SOM Text Figs. DR1 to DR7 Tables DR1 to DR3 References Methods: Core Collection and Processing The cores were collected using an underwater pneumatic hammer attached by airhoses to a tending compressor at the surface and operated by divers below (Fig. DR1). Once drilled, the cores were capped and removed using airlift bags. After collection, each core was photographed, described, and sampled at 1 cm intervals (unless sediment character required larger intervals), and subsampled for granulometry, micropaleontological analysis, and dating (Figs. DR2-DR6, Table DR1 and DR2). Chronological ages were based on (depending on availability in core) ceramics, OSL, and C14 (Tables DR1 and DR2). Granulometry was completed using Laser particle Analyzers (on a Beckman laser Coulter counter and Malvern Multisizer). Values from Malvern Multisizer varied from Beckman by a maximum of +/-1%. Micropaleontological collection, analysis, and statistics were based on the methods of Fishbein and Patterson (1).
Determining the position of Liman Tepe's (ancient `Clazomenae') archaeological features relative to the coastline is important for understanding their intended function and reconstructing the character of Aegean maritime activities and sea‐based trade. Previous attempts at reconstructing harbour locations at Liman Tepe relied on extrapolating paleoenvironments based on modern surface topography. In light of this, samples from a sediment coring survey and terrestrial and underwater archaeological excavations were analysed using multi‐proxy geoarchaeological methods to determine paleoenvironmental facies. Micropaleontological (foraminifera), sedimentological (grain‐size analysis) and geochemical (δ13C/δ18O) analyses resulted in the reconstruction of the coastal paleogeomorphology, including the presence and absence of ancient harbouring areas. Neither of the previous coastal reconstructions was supported by the new results. Instead, two separate harbouring areas were recognized, one coincident with the Early Bronze Age (4800–3900 years bp) and a second during the archaic and classical periods (c. 2800–2400 years bp). These results emphasize the necessity for multi‐proxy geoarchaeological studies when approaching coastal archaeological sites as a means to reconstruct paleocoastal geomorphology and understand ancient maritime development better.
This book explores the relationship between the city of Rome and the Aurelian Wall during the six centuries following its construction in the 270s AD, a period when the city changed and contracted almost beyond recognition, as it evolved from imperial capital into the spiritual center of Western Christendom. The Wall became the single most prominent feature in the urban landscape, a dominating presence which came bodily to incarnate the political, legal, administrative, and religious boundaries of urbs Roma, even as it reshaped both the physical contours of the city as a whole and the mental geographies of 'Rome' that prevailed at home and throughout the known world. With the passage of time, the circuit took on a life of its own as the embodiment of Rome's past greatness, a cultural and architectural legacy that dwarfed the quotidian realities of the post-imperial city as much as it shaped them.
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