Population growth which is not supported with the availability of natural resources causes gaps or limitations in meeting daily needs through natural resources. As a result, rural communities need certain rules or norms used as behavioral guidelines in utilizing the natural resources. One of them is through the existence of kewang customary institution. However, as the community develops, its effectiveness is experiencing a decline. This study examines the role of kewang customary institution as a biosecurity strategy for community livelihood asset in Negeri Booi, Saparua Island, Central Maluku Regency. This study was done in a qualitative manner with a case study method. The key informants involved included members of the kewang, head (raja) of Negeri Booi, farmers and customary leaders. In-depth interviews, observation and focus group discussion (FGD) were used to collect the data. The results showed that the kewang of Negeri Booi played an active role in securing the livelihood asset while at the same time protecting Negeri Booi's territory. However, the inclusion of economic interventions left the kewang members vulnerable. They were faced with the choice to carry out their duties and functions as a local institution securing the livelihood asset or to violate the convention to meet their daily household needs. In general, the community in Negeri Booi still recognized the existence of kewang customary institution by respecting and carrying out every decision taken.
The ability of rural communities responding to vulnerabilities highly depends on local and institutional adaptations. The institutional adaptation is formed based on habits rooted in the community's local knowledge and life experience. Utilization of traditional agroforestry on rural land is unique for each individual, resulting different livelihood strategies to deal with vulnerability. This study aims to understand institutional impacts on the choice of rural livelihood strategies through traditional agroforestry using an institutional approach (traditions, customs, and rules) and a livelihood framework. This research was conducted in Booi Village, Maluku, from October 2016 to September 2018. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and document studies. Interviews were conducted to key informants such as Raja (head) of Booi Village, farmers (landowners), community members who did not own land, and village governments. The results showed that the community had a variety of choices for livelihood strategies, including intensification, extensification, diversification, and "holding" nutmeg seeds. The presence of institutional impact was also proven to have a significant effect on the livelihoods of the Booi community, for example, in the form of access for the community who did not have assets (informal insurance). The perspective of economics (neo-classical) is still debating the availability of land as a resource that is physically available, fixed, and limited. In this context, mainstream economists only view land as a tangible asset, while the old institutional economist sees resources as something functional and dynamic (Nugrohowardhani, 2016). In other words, the use of plantation resources in the form of traditional agroforestry does not only affect the household economic aspects of rural communities but also social and cultural aspects based on their local knowledge and experience (Jose, 2009; Martin et al., 2016).
Purpose : Tourism development in rural areas is considered as a strategic step to lower the poverty level through new potentials in household livelihoods.This study aims to investigate the tourism development and the impacts of livelihood transition in the highlands of Mount Nona, Ambon Island.As a result, both the government and the land owner are not able to manage this local asset Theoretical Framework : Due to huge contributions in tourism to the regional income, it is need more focused and coordination between the governmnet and community. However mostly the area which had a plethora natural resources is the poorest area. It indicated that there are lack of the government contributions in developing tourism area and land owner issue. . To solve this issues, it is important to give an attention and explanation related to the natural resources management theory beside human resources. If the government can manage all with their policy and bureaucracy, it will be convenient to realize the development goals in tourism sector. Design/Methodology/Approach : This study was done using a qualitative method with a case study approach, studying a touristy attraction focusing on a selfie tourism called Siwang Paradise located in the highlands of Mount Nona, Ambon Island. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations done in two phases in November 2021 to February 2022. A total of 24 key informants participated in this study was selected using a purposive sampling technique based on the following criteria: first, the key informant must be part of the management of of Siwang Paradise; second, the key informant must be the member of rural community benefitted from the opening of Siwang Paradise. After the data collection process, the data was analyzed following the stages proposed by Creswell. Findings : The results show that the development of Siwang Paradise did have a significant contribution to the creation of new livelihoods through increased income. However, on the other hand, this livelihood transition had a potential threat to the household economy of the rural community itself. This condition could be caused by the community’s lack of knowledge and experience regarding the management of touristy objects, the uncertain tourist season, and the Covid-19 pandemic. These various threats left the community with no other alternative to maintain their livelihood. Future Implications : There are a limitations in this study which is need to be completed by future research. For instance tourism development arisen from the community level, the role of the government and the private sector was highly needed. It should also be followed by the rural community as targets for the tourism development to be given knowledge transfer, promotion, and the access to information and infrastructure. This phenomenon need to be discussed by further research more deeply by using another methods and approach such as mix method to suggest several recommendations and policy to solve the tourism issues in rural area. Originality/Value : The findings of the study indicated that natural resources manajement and ownership theory are important to develop tourism business in rural area so that people will lived in poverty through wise management and economically.Otomatically, the regional income will be increase.
Pala Booi merupakan sebutan masyarakat negeri Booi, kecamatan Saparua, kabupaten Maluku Tengah bagi tanaman pala milik mereka. Luas areal perkebunan pala di negeri Booi adalah 13 HA dengan jumlah pohon pala sekitar 1274 pohon. Kapasitas panen buah pala adalah 900-1200 buah pala gelondongan (utuh) per pohon atau 37,5–50Kg. Daging buah pala yang dapat dihasilkan adalah 30-40Kg/pohon dan dalam setahun terdapat 3 kali musim panen, sehingga kapasitas panen daging buah pala dalam setahun adalah 120Kg/pohon. Dengan kondisi ini, dapat diperkirakan jumlah daging buah pala yang terbuang di negeri Booi adalah sebanyak 152.880 Kg atau 152,88 ton daging buah pala per tahun. Besaran tersebut mengisyaratkan bahwa pala Booi memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi produk unggulan dan turunannya. Keberadaan sumberdaya pala yang melimpah dan ditunjang tradisi “memungut biji pala” sebagai bentuk kearifan lokal masyarakat negeri Booi tentunya merupakan kelebihan tersendiri bagi negeri Booi dalam membangun industri rumah tangga berbasis sumber daya lokal. Namun sampai saat ini, kondisi masyarakat negeri Booi sama sekali belum tersentuh industri rumah tangga berbasis sumberdaya pala. Hasil Studi Kelayakan Bisnis yang dilakukan terhadap aspek hukum, sosial, budaya, pasar dan pemasaran, teknis, manajemen, keuangan, ekonomi dan lingkungan menyimpulkan bahwa Pala Booi sebagai sumberdaya lokal layak untuk dikembangkan menjadi industri rumah tangga masyarakat negeri Booi.
This study examines women’s activities which include production and reproduction activities in several economic sectors as a source of livelihood for the women in negeri Booi community. This study was done in a qualitative manner with a phenomenological approach, integrated with an institutional economic perspective in negeri Booi, Saparua island, Central Maluku. The key informants participated in this study were women who collected nutmeg, owners of dusung (garden), and saniri negeri (village government). The data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations and documentation. The results show that the activities done by the rural women in an effort to meet their household needs were production, reproduction, and access and control of resources. Further, local wisdom or tradition also played an important role in carrying out these activities, including bapilih tradition. It was a dominant factor influencing the efforts to meet the women’s household needs in negeri Booi. In addition, the bapilih tradition was also an effort of the negeri Booi community to save the poor from unsafe to safe conditions which were motivated by the tradition. Apart from being a “buffer”, the bapilihtradition had been an “informal insurance” for the women in negeri Booi to be able to carry out the activities to meet their household needs although the dusung was not theirs.
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