<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the toxic effect of simultaneously injected normal doses of caffeine and nicotine in diabetic lab animals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A study was conducted for three weeks in seven rat groups (n=6); viz. first non-diabetic group treated with caffeine (20 mg/kg, ip) twice daily, second with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, ip) twice daily and third with both treatments simultaneously; whereas other three groups treated in the same way but inducing diabetes; and employing the seventh group as diabetic control. Type 2 diabetes was induced by high fatty diet prior for two weeks and a single streptozotocin injection on 1<sup>th</sup> day of study in all diabetic groups. Blood and urine samples were collected weekly to estimate blood parameters. Animals were sacrificed, and organs were collected for histopathology analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most blood parameters showed a rapid increase in diabetes in co-addiction group compared with their single addiction or non-addiction control groups. Caffeine-nicotine co-addiction group showed about 60-80 mg/dl (p<0.05) rise in serum glucose, 15-20 U/l in AST (p<0.01), 80-100 U/l in ALT (p<0.01), 20-30 mg/dl in Urea (p<0.01), 02 mg/dl in creatinine (p<0.05), 12-15 mg/dl (p<0.01) in LDL-C, 6-9 mg/dl in VLDL-C (p<0.01) and 60-90 mg/dl in TC levels (p<0.01) when compared with non-addicted diabetic control. There was a significant reduction in HDL-C (p<0.01) while the less significant rise in triglycerides in the case of co-addiction as compared to non-addiction diabetic control group. Histopathology results exhibited moderate to severe tissue damage in agreement with clinical biochemistry results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nicotine-caffeine co-addiction harms exceptionally more in type 2 diabetes greater than their single addiction or non-addiction.</p>
Background:Polyalthia longifolia Thwaites is an important traditional plant in India. Rutin, an active constituent has been reported to possess good amount of pharmacological as well as therapeutic potential.Objective:The aim of the present study was to find out by analytical techniques how much percentage of rutin is present in the plant leaves’ ethanolic extract by analytical techniques.Materials and Methods:Shade dried leaves of Polyalthia longifolia were subjected to cold ethanolic extraction followed by monitoring the isolated rutin high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) after carrying out preliminary phytochemical screening.Results:Extraction yield was found to be 13.94% w/w. Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, diterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds and mucilage. From the Rf value, the ethanolic extract was found to be having constituent identical to rutin. By HPTLC and HPLC the amount of rutin was found to be 11.60% w/w and 4.03% w/v, respectively.Conclusion:The active constituent isolated was found to be equal to rutin.
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