Patients with hemodynamic instability have a sustained systolic blood pressure less or equal to 90 mmHg, a heart rate greater or equal to 120 beats per minute and an acute compromise of the ventilation/oxygenation ratio and/or an altered state of consciousness upon admission. These patients have higher mortality rates due to massive hemorrhage, airway injury and/or impaired ventilation. Damage control resuscitation is a systematic approach that aims to limit physiologic deterioration through a group of strategies that address the physiologic debt of trauma. This article aims to describe the experience earned by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia in the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department following the basic principles of damage control surgery. Since bleeding is the main cause of death, the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department requires a multidisciplinary team, which should perform damage control maneuvers aimed at rapidly control bleeding, hemostatic resuscitation and/or prompt transfer to the operating room, if required.
Rectal trauma is uncommon, but it is usually associated with injuries in adjacent pelvic or abdominal organs. Recent studies have changed the paradigm behind military rectal trauma management, showing better morbidity and mortality. However, damage control techniques in rectal trauma remain controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the treatment of rectal trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability, according to damage control surgery principles. We propose to manage intraperitoneal rectal injuries in the same way as colon injuries. The treatment of extraperitoneal rectum injuries will depend on the percentage of the circumference involved. For injuries involving more than 25% of the circumference, a colostomy is indicated. While injuries involving less than 25% of the circumference can be managed through a conservative approach or primary repair. In rectal trauma, knowing when to do or not to do it makes the difference.
Introducción. La presión arterial sistólica puede ser un factor determinante para la toma de decisiones en el manejo de pacientes con trauma severo y hemorragia no compresible del torso. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el punto óptimo de presión arterial sistólica previo a la oclusión endovascular de aorta asociado con la mortalidad a las 24 horas. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis combinado de dos bases de datos de registro de REBOA, ABO-Trauma Registry y AAST-AORTA, que incluye pacientes de Norte América, Suramérica, Europa, Asia y África. Pacientes sin efecto hemodinámico con el uso del REBOA fueron excluidos. Se describieron las características demográficas, clínicas y de la colocación del REBOA en los pacientes que fallecieron en las primeras 24 horas. Se analizó la asociación entre la presión arterial sistólica previa a la oclusión aortica y la mortalidad a través de modelos de regresión logística y se evaluó el poder predictivo de la presión arterial sistólica en un intervalo entre 60 y 90 mmHg. Resultados. Fueron identificados 871 registros, pero solo 693 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El trauma cerrado se presentó en el 67,2 % de los pacientes y la severidad del trauma tuvo una mediana de ISS de 34 (RIQ: 25-45). La mediana de la presión arterial sistólica previa al REBOA fue de 61 mmHg (RIQ: 46-80). La mortalidad a las 24 horas fue del 34,6 %. La asociación entre la presión arterial sistólica pre-oclusión de la aorta y la mortalidad a las 24 horas tiene una capacidad predictiva de acuerdo con el área bajo la curva ROC para trauma cerrado de 0,64 (IC95% 0,59-0,70) y para trauma penetrante de 0,61 (IC95% 0,53-0,69). Se identificó que la presión arterial sistólica de 70 mmHg se asocia con un aumento por encima del 25 % de la mortalidad a las 24 horas. Discusión. La presión arterial sistólica de 70 mmHg en pacientes con trauma severo y hemorragia no compresible puede ser el punto crítico para la oclusión endovascular de aorta para mejorar la supervivencia de los pacientes, sin importar el mecanismo de trauma. Sin embargo, la presión arterial sistólica debe complementarse con otros factores clínicos para tomar la decisión oportuna.
Trauma damage control seeks to limit life-threatening bleeding. Sequential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are the current standard. Hybrid Room have reduced hemostasis time by integrating different specialties and technologies. Hybrid Rooms seek to control bleeding in an operating room equipped with specialized personnel and advanced technology including angiography, tomography, eFAST, radiography, endoscopy, infusers, cell retrievers, REBOA, etc. Trauma Hybrid Service is a concept that describes a vertical work scheme that begins with the activation of Trauma Code when admitting a severely injured patient, initiating a continuous resuscitation process led by the trauma surgeon who guides transfer to imaging, angiography and surgery rooms according to the patient's condition and the need for specific interventions. Hybrid rooms integrate different diagnostic and therapeutic tools in one same room, reducing the attention time and increasing all interventions effectiveness.
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