Objective -To characterize diagnostic findings, test-retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations.Animal studied -Fifty healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic, 25 non-brachycephalic).Procedures -A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10min-interval between tests and repeating each test 24h later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test-1 without (STT-1) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1), and Schirmer tear test-2 (STT-2).Results -Mean ± SD test values were lower in brachycephalic vs. non-brachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4±2.0 mm/5s vs. 7.3±2.4 mm/5s), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8±0.5 cm vs. 3.4±0.8 cm), PRTT (37.2±4.0 mm/15s vs. 41.1±5.5 mm/15s), STT-1 (20.1±3.4 mm/min vs. 23.3 ±5.7 mm/min), STT-2 (13.0 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 16.9 ± 3.9 mm/min), and NL-STT1 (23.2±3.6 mm/min vs. 27.1±5.4 mm/min), and non-significant differences for EAPPTT (16.6±2.7 mm/15s vs. 17.5±2.9 mm/15s).Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT-1 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r<0.70) except for a strong correlation between STT-1 and NL-STT1 (r=0.83, P<0.001). Tests reliability was good although test-retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC≤0.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC=0.91). Conclusions-Corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.
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