Hirvas, H. 1999 (March): Tepsankumpu revisitedpollen evidence of stable ~emian climates in Finnish Lapland. Boreas,Vol. 28, pp. 12-22. Oslo. ISSN 0300-9483.Several till-covered organic deposits, principally lake gyttja, in Finnish Lapland have been correlated with the last (i.e. Eemian) interglacial on the basis of their lithostratigraphic position and pollen stratigraphy. Most of the sequences are short, but together with three longer sequences from Finnish Lapland and one from Swedish Lapland (Levehiemi) they provide a complete picture of Eemian vegetational and climatic development. The Tepsankumpu site was revisited, and the till-covered thick freshwater gyttja deposit was studied in detail for pollen in order to search for signals of rapid climatic fluctuations postulated for the earlier part of the Eemian on the basis of Greenland ice core studies. The Eemian pollen stratigraphy in Finnish Lapland closely resembles the Holocene pollen stratigraphy of the area. The abundance of spruce and alder pollen suggests, however, more northerly l i m i t s for forest vegetation zones during the Eemian than during the Holocene. Oak also grew closer to Lapland, indicating a warmer climate than during the Holocene climatic optimum. The Tepsankumpu pollen stratigraphy indicates climatic stability over the entire time-span it covers, i.e. the major part of the interglacial. This finding is in conflict with results from Greenland GRIP ice core studies and interpretations of some Continental European Eemian pollen diagrams.
More than 100 till-covered organic deposits are currently known in the Finnish Lapland. All others, except Naakenavaara, are interpreted as having deposited during either the Early-Weichselian Peräpohjola/Maaselkä interstadial or the Eemian interglacial stage. At Naakenavaara, Kittilä, a 0.5-1.5 m peat deposit under till bed IV, was submitted to pollen and macrofossil studies. Pollen analysis of the Naakenavaara peat deposit indicates a flora dominated by conifers: Pinns, Picea, possibly Picea Sect, omorica and, in the upper part of the deposit, Larix. Bruckenthalia type pollen and spores of Osmunda also occur. The pollen flora reflects the temperate climatic conditions of an interglacial stage. Macrofossil analysis revealed four exotic taxa not found in Finland's present natural flora: Aracites interglacialis, Larix sp., Abies sp., and Picea omorica. The site was a wet mire with a sparse growth of Pinus silvestris and Larix sp., where the climate was more temperate than it is today. The main peat-forming plant was the extinct herb species Aracites interglacialis, whose inferred age is Holsteinian interglacial. From the stratigraphic position and macrofossil content of the peat deposit, the Naakenavaara interglacial has been correlated with the Holsteinian interglacial, although it might be even older.
A multiple till sequence interbedded with sorted sediments has been investigated at Vuosaari, Helsinki, Finland. The investigation was carried out using standard sedimentological procedures combined with microfossil analysis in order to determine the genesis of the exposed sediments. This evidence is used to correlate lithostratigraphically the sequence with adjacent multiple till sequences in other parts of southern Finland (south of the Salpausselkä zone).It is concluded that all three till beds at Vuosaari are of basal origin that were laid down by separate ice flow phases. In contrast two rhythmite beds between the tills are thought to have been deposited in open water. The sediments at Vuosaari may have been laid down during the Weichselian glaciation although it is also possible that the lowermost till bed represents Saalian till.
Thoresen, Morten 1988 12 01: The Nordkalott Project: studies of Quaternary geology in northern Fennoscandia. Boreas, Vol. 17, pp. 431-437. Oslo. ISSN 0300-9483. The Quaternary geology of the Nordkalott area in northern Fennoscandia is depicted in five maps. The themes of the maps are: Quaternary deposits, glacial geomorphology and paleohydrography, ice-flow indicators, Quaternary stratigraphy and ice-flow directions. The maps are briefly presented and an outline of the glacial history of the Nordkalott area is given.
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