Geometric phases of real wave functions in nonintegrable quantum billiards are measured using microwave resonators. They appear as a sign change of the wave function after a cyclic excursion around a diabolic point in the space of shapes of the resonator. For a path encircling a pointlike triple degeneracy of an integrable system, an unexpected sign change for two out of the three wave functions is found, which must be attributed to a hidden symmetry, and not to a Berry phase. PACS numbers: 41.20.Bt, 03.65.Bz, 84.40.Cb Solutions of the two dimensional wave equation with nonintegrable boundary conditions have found much interest recently in the context of quantum chaos. The systems under investigation are two dimensional quantum billiards for which classical mechanics is chaotic. Energy levels and wave functions of such systems can be determined by extensive numerical calculations or by analog experiments with microwave cavities [1]. In microwave experiments the analogy between the Schrodinger equation for a bound state and the electrodynamic wave equation is used.Most investigations have been carried out for fixed boundary conditions. However, for many quantal systems like vibrating molecules or nuclei, the boundary conditions are not fixed but oscillate themselves. These oscillations are often slow enough that they can be separated from the much faster oscillations of the bound states. In this case it is interesting to study the adiabatic evolution of wave functions as a function of external parameters describing the slow boundary oscillations. After a cyclic adiabatic evolution within the space of external parameters a quantum system will return to its initial state but may have picked up a geometric phase pz" in addition to the dynamical phase p&""= &' Jn E(t)dt.The general formalism to calculate geometric phases was developed by Berry [2]. For a spin coupled to a rotating magnetic field one finds ps"--mA, where m is the magnetic quantum number and 0 the solid angle enclosed by the rotating field vector. The existence of Berry phases in spin variables has been proven in experiments with neutrons [3], nuclei [4] (spin 2), and light[5] (spin 1). But a geometric phase can also be picked up by real valued wave functions evolving under changing boundary conditions. In molecules it gives rise to the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect [6]. In the simplest case this will happen if a diabolic degeneracy is encircled by the path of the system in the space of external parameters [7]. Such diabolic points typically occur in nonintegrable real quantum systems where they can be enforced by varying two independent parameters [8]. At a diabolic point two energy surfaces drawn over the plane of the two external parameters just touch each other at one point forming a double cone (diabolo) [9]; see inset Upon a full rotation of B through 8 = 2vr (thus enclosing a solid angle of 0 = 27r) a sign change of the state occurs:signaling a Berry phase = +m. The sign change of a real wave function along a path around a diabolic point can be ...
Ward round training with standardized patients is greatly appreciated by final year students and is viewed as an important part of their education, easing the transition from observing ward rounds to conducting them on their own.
Zusammenfassung:Im medizinischen Alltag spielen Kommunikationsfähigkeit und ein guter Umgang mit Patienten eine zentrale Rolle für eine wirksame Behandlung.Gerade in der heutigen hoch technisierten Medizin kommt dem vertrauensvollen Gespräch eine große Bedeutung zu. Damit sich die Studierenden an der medizinischen Fakultät in Heidelberg besser auf ihre verantwortungsvolle Rolle als Gesprächspartner für die Patienten vorbereiten können, trainieren diese im Rahmen von HeiCuMed (Heidelberger Curriculum Medicinale) mit speziell ausgebildeten Simulationspatienten.Das Kommunikations-und Interaktionstraining für Medizinerinnen und Mediziner (Medi-KIT) ermöglicht es, Gesprächsführung mit anspruchsvollen Gesprächspartnern und schwerwiegenden Inhalten in schwierigen Situationen zu üben.Zentrales didaktisches Element stellt dabei das Feedback der Simulationspatienten sowie der Peers und Dozenten dar. Um den Transfer in den Klinikalltag zu gewährleisten und eine Verknüpfung zur kognitiven Wissensvermittlung herzustellen, werden alle Medizinstudierenden parallel zum Medi-KIT-Unterricht auf Station eingesetzt und die Trainingseinheiten werden inhaltlich mit der Leitsymptomvorlesung und dem parallel stattfindenden POL-Gruppen-Unterricht (Problem-orientiertes Lernen) abgestimmt.Am Ende des Semesters werden die kommunikativen Lernziele in einem simulierten Setting im Rahmen einer klinisch-praktischen Prüfung (OSCE: Objective Structured Clinical Examination) und am Krankenbett (Mini-CEX: MINI Clinical EXamination) überpüft.Zielsetzung bei der Vermittlung kommunikativer Fertigkeiten in der medizinischen Ausbildung ist die Fortführung des longitudinalen, kommunikativen Curriculums in die fachärztliche Weiterbildung hinein. Abstract:Communication skills are of central importance within daily medical life providing effective treatment. In the modern high-tech field of medicine, trustful conversations play a prominent role. In order to help students of the Heidelberg Medical Faculty to be ready for their highly responsible role as communication partner, training is carried out in the framework of HeiCuMed (short for Heidelberger Curriculum Medicinale) using specially trained simulation patients. The communication and interaction training program (referred to as Medi-KIT) enables to practice conducting conversations with challenging communication partners and grave conversational content in difficult situations. Feedback from the standardized patients, as well as from peers and tutors represents a central didactic element.In order to secure knowledge transfer into daily clinic life and as well to build a relation to cognitive knowledge transfer, all medical students are assigned, alongside Medi-KIT lessons, to a ward, and training units are coordinated in terms of content to correspond with symptom-oriented lectures and parallel POL-groups (problem-oriented learning groups). In addition, communication learning objectives are examined at the end of the semester in the form of a clinical practical exam (OSCE: Objective Structured Clinical...
BackgroundPhysical clinical examination is a core clinical competence of medical doctors. In this regard, digital rectal examination (DRE) plays a central role in the detection of abnormalities of the anus and rectum. However, studies in undergraduate medical students as well as newly graduated doctors show that they are insufficiently prepared for performing DRE. Training units with Standardized Patients (SP) represent one method to deliver DRE skills. As yet, however, it is little known about SPs’ attitudes.MethodsThis is a qualitative study using a grounded theory approach. Interviews were conducted with 4 standardized patients about their experiences before, during and after structured SP training to deliver DRE competencies to medical students. The resulting data were subjected to thematic content analysis.ResultsResults show that SPs do not have any predominant motives for DRE program participation. They participate in the SP training sessions with relatively little prejudice and do not anticipate feeling highly vulnerable within teaching sessions with undergraduate medical students.ConclusionsThe current study examined SPs’ motives, views, expectations and experiences regarding a DRE program during their first SP training experiences. The results enabled us to derive distinct action guidelines for the recruitment, informing and briefing of SPs who are willing to participate in a DRE program.
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