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The principal mode of the seasonal variation of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) and the temporal and spatial evolution of the corresponding synoptic fields are investigated via cyclostationary EOF analysis. This study uses the 21-year (1979-99) Xie-Arkin precipitation pentad data and National Center for Environmental Prediction daily reanalysis data focusing on the period May 21 to August 28, which covers the prominent life cycle of the ASM. The first mode, representing the seasonal cycle, explains about 20~40% of the total variability in the parameters considered in the study.The pronounced feature in the present study is that the seasonal evolution of sea level pressure anomaly contrast between the Asian continent and the surrounding oceans is the governing mechanism for the ASM evolution. The northward migration of lowpressure anomaly from the Indian Ocean and the moisture transport by low-level westerly (Somali jet) toward India describes the evolution of precipitation field over India, the Bay of Bengal and the Indochina peninsula. Over the Pacific Ocean, high-pressure anomaly to the south of precipitation band between 25°~40°N pushes it northward, characterizing the onset and evolution of regional monsoons (Meiyu, Baiu and Changma) in East Asia. It is shown that the high-pressure anomaly intruding south China and further west to the Bay of Bengal from mid-June to mid-July accelerates low-level wind along the coastal line of Asia, where the pressure gradient becomes maximum. It provides a favorable condition for moisture transport toward the East Asian monsoon region.Two major moisture sources, the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, are found during the monsoon period. Evolutions of anomalous moisture transport patterns toward India, the Indochina peninsula and East Asia show unique characteristics from one another. While precipitation over the Indian region is persistently affected by the Indian Ocean, the Indochina peninsula is dominated by the western Pacific Ocean in the early monsoon period followed by the effect of the Indian Ocean (mid-June to mid-July) and the cooperation of the two sources afterward. The East Asian monsoon regions are influenced by the both sources from the onset of their monsoons. Since late July, the latter source is more effective to the East Asian monsoon due to the northward movement of high-pressure anomaly (late July) together with the development of low-pressure anomaly over the subtropical western Pacific region.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the types and features of business relationship when the value co-creation phenomenon is extended to an early stage of the value chain, in which technological innovation is essential, in a high-tech business-to-business (B2B) market. Design/methodology/approach The methodology of building a theory from a case study is adopted in this study to propose an early-stage value co-creation network. Qualitative data are coded on the basis of grounded theory coding after collecting the triangulation data from multiple sources. Findings In a high-tech B2B market, three types of business relationships (supplier–customer mutual, supplier-centric and network-based business relationships) co-create values at an early stage of the value chain. Intellectual resource, efficiency resource and supplier-centric business relationships are uniquely found in this stage. Research limitations/implications This study provides new insight suggesting that the notion of value co-creation can be extended to early stages of the value chain in a high-tech B2B market. In addition, this research identifies vital business relationships and how these relationships develop successfully at an early-stage value co-creation network in a high-tech B2B market. Practical implications Technology development managers at an early stage of the value chain can co-create relationship benefits by building proposed business relationships integrating resources in a high-tech B2B market. In addition, marketing managers should consider the early stage as another source of value co-creation. Originality/value The notion of value co-creation is extended from the later stage to an early stage of the value chain in a high-tech B2B market. Consolidated framework of a value co-creation network integrating actors, resources and relationships, suggested in this study, will be valuable for further theoretical research and business application.