Road freight accounts for 89% of the inland freight transportation in Turkey. This study examined the factors affecting capacity utilization in Turkey with a specific focus on load factors and empty running. These two decisions, the load factor and the choice of running empty, are modeled jointly in a Heckman model. The model results showed that rigid and articulated trucks represent relatively different transport markets. Their age and the distance profile of the shipments affect the load factor and the probability of running empty. These effects are further examined for different commodity types and by testing different econometric specifications.
Pricing preferences for High Speed Rail trips Calculation of Value of Time Binary logit model High Speed Rail (HSR), a new intercity passenger mode in Turkey, has high travel time reduction potential, which gives competitive power against both road and air travel modes. Currently, there are four lines connecting seven cities and three HSR lines under construction. Figure A. Improvement of chevron over traditional layout under central dense flow policy Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to investigate the preferability of HSR in terms of i) pricing evaluation based on users' perspective and ii) Value of Time (VoT) calculations based on logistic models. The results of the study was expected to contribute to the accumulation of knowledge on pricing of HSR for the future HSR lines. Method: In the scope of the study, a face-to-face passenger survey was conducted with 421 HSR passenger. The survey included questions on preferability of HSR for different pricing levels compared to bus and airway ticket prices. Also, a question about the alternative mode preference in the case of no-HSR scenario for the realized trip enabled to develop logistic model and VoT calculation. In addition to the traditional logistic models, cost damping analyses were also included in this study to investigate the non-linear aspects of VoT. To consider the variability in the air fares, models were repeated with two different airway pricing options as a) average of low-cost economy class ticket price (Alternative A) and b) average ticket price for all airway services (Alternative B). Results: The results showed that pricing at intercity bus ticket level is a factor increasing the preferability of HSR. If HSR ticket price is more than bus ticket price, 60% of the HSR users stated to prefer HSR, while only 40% stated preference, if HSR is priced equal to air ticket prices. Binary logit models developed suggested travel time reduction as a major factor affecting HSR choice. It was determined that VoT estimations using the binary logit models vary among both HSR lines and different traveler groups. Conclusion: Evaluation of the VoT values from different utility functions produced results parallel to those in the existing literature. Shorter lines (such as ANK-ESK and ANK-KON) predicted a higher VoT value than longer lines. VoT values were found to be close to the hourly cost of airway transportation. As HSR services currently priced close to bus ticket prices, VoT values were much above the level of pricing preferences. Nevertheless, these high VoT values were still close to values assumed in major transportation projects recently constructed/contracted (i.e. Osmangazi Bridge which provided a 1.5-hr travel time reduction and had very high toll values even after significant subsidizing).
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