One of the challenges in the transition towards a zero-emission power system in Europe will be to achieve an efficient and reliable operation with a high share of intermittent generation. The objective of this paper is to analyse the role that Demand Response (DR) potentially can play in a cost-efficient development until 2050. The benefits of DR consist of integrating renewable source generation and reducing peak load consumption, leading to a reduction in generation, transmission, and storage capacity investments. The capabilities of DR are implemented in the European Model for Power Investments with high shares of Renewable Energy (EMPIRE), which is an electricity sector model for long-term capacity and transmission expansion. The model uses a multi-horizon stochastic approach including operational uncertainty with hourly resolution and multiple investment periods in the long-term. DR is modelled through several classes of shiftable and curtailable loads in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, including flexibility periods, operational costs, losses, and endogenous DR investments, for 31 European countries. Results of the case study shows that DR capacity partially substitutes flexible supply-side capacity from peak gas plants and battery storage, through enabling more solar PV generation. A European DR capacity at 91 GW in 2050 reduces the peak plant capacities by 11% and storage capacity by 86%.
In this paper a stochastic procedure is applied to the problem of sizing storage system for an isolated power system with significant wind and wave energy penetration. The case study has analyzed real data from three Canary Islands (La Gomera, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura) in order to find the optimum energy storage size (ESS) in terms of economic profitability. The results show that the storage deployment is significantly suitable whenever the power penetration of windwave resources is at least 50% of the local maximum power demand. The results show that the reduction in the cost of energy is larger when the renewable power penetration is 100% than when it is 50%. At the same time the study shows that an uneven combination of wind and wave resources makes the use of an ESS more profitable compared to equally source share plants.
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