In this research, the synthesis of biochar from cow dung and sewage sludge and its application for the removal of organic contaminants using methylene blue (MB) as the model molecule was evaluated. Experiments were performed using different concentrations of adsorbent and MB and were optimized by a response surface methodology (RSM). Dynamic models were adjusted to the experimental data and the regeneration of the bed was studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions to favor the adsorption of MB, in a fixed bed and making a comparison between the two biochar sources, were those where an adsorbent biochar concentration of 5 g and initial MB concentration of 10 mg L −1 were used. The biochar prepared from cow dung presented the best adsorption conditions. Under these conditions, the breaking time was 172.73 min. The models of Thomas, Bohart-Adams, and Yoon-Nelson were applied for the study in fixed-bed columns and it was observed that the models were adjusted satisfactorily. Regeneration was possible for three different cycles, slightly diminishing the performance of the bed with elution of HNO 3 . These results indicate that MB bed fixed adsorption on cow dung biochar is viable and suitable for water treatment.
Hydroponic system requires periodic labor, a systematic approach, repetitive motion and a structured environment. Automation, robotics and IoT have allowed farmers to monitoring all the variables in plant, root zone and environment under hydroponics. This research introduces findings in design with real time operating systems based on microcontrollers; pH fuzzy logic control system for nutrient solution in embed and flow hydroponic culture; hydroponic system in combination with automated drip irrigation; expert system-based automation system; automated hydroponics nutrition plants systems; hydroponic management and monitoring system for an intelligent hydroponic system using internet of things and web technology; neural network-based fault detection in hydroponics; additional technologies implemented in hydroponic systems and robotics in hydroponic systems. The above advances will improve the efficiency of hydroponics to increase the quality and quantity of the produce and pose an opportunity for the growth of the hydroponics market in near future.
Worldwide, the concern on food safety, for example, on agriculture products, has become a topic with huge relevance. Nowadays, hyperspectral imaging systems for rapid detection of dangerous agents have emerged in response to these needs. In this research project, we proposed a new algorithm for Salmonella typhimurium detection on tomato surfaces in visible range (400-1000 nm). Gaussian model was used as a way to take out a model that could be calculated its definite integral; the final result of this algorithm is the area under curve (AUC), which gives a quantitative approach of spectral signatures. Three doses (5, 10, and 15 μL) and a control response (0 μL) were spread out on 20 tomatoes' surface. Subsequently, it was observed that some decrease responses with higher dose; also, numerically this pattern was seen with the help of AUC value. As a last step, a single factor analysis of variance showed no significance due to doses. Despite this outcome, the algorithm provides to be a good methodology for pathogen detection.
The preference for the consumption of red wine in Mexico is increasing because its components derived from the grape are attributed to health benefits. The quality of wine depends mostly on the vineyard conditions. The objective of this study was able to differentiate the physicochemical composition in the harvest stage of four varieties of red grapes that are used in the production of wine to relate their maturation with those of their hyperspectral signatures. Various parameters including pH, total soluble solids, color, weight, and morphology were determined from the bunches of grapes. Concerning the maturity index, it was observed that the grapes with the highest degree of maturity were Shiraz and Merlot at harvest time. The pH of grape juice is a measure of active acidity; the texture is considered a quick and inexpensive technique. The hyperspectral signatures reflectances versus color, total soluble solids, morphology, weight, texture, and pH for each grape variety was best fitted with Gaussian curves of order 8 to Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot, 7 to Malbec, and 5 to Shiraz with R2 above 0.99.
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