Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the smear layer removal efficiency of apple vinegar and EDTA when used as final rinse using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and to quantify the calcium content of intraradicular dentin after being treated with apple vinegar or EDTA using energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (EDX). Materials and methods: Fifty palatal roots of extracted human permanent maxillary molars with completely formed were selected and prepared with Universal Protaper rotary files. After using each file, canals were irrigated with 2 ml of 2.6% NaOCl for 1 minute. The samples were divided into 4 groups according to the final rinse used and the application time: (10 samples each), Group I: 17% EDTA for 1 minute.Group II: Apple vinegar for 1 minute. Group III: 17% EDTA for 3 minutes.Group IV: Apple vinegar for 3 minutes.Group V: control group is divided into: GV(A), Five samples where the root canals were irrigated with sterile saline and GV(B), Five samples were used to assess the calcium content with energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (EDX), where the root canals will not receive any treatment. Results: Regarding smear layer removal, at coronal and middle thirds there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of smear layer produced by the tested groups.At the apical third the lowest mean smear layer score was recorded in specimens treated with apple vinegar for 1 minute (Group II) with a statistical significant difference from specimens treated with 17% EDTA for 1 minute (Group I). Regarding the calcium content, the highest mean value was recorded in specimens treated with apple vinegar for 1 minute (Group II) with statistically significant difference from that recorded in specimens treated with 17% EDTA for 1 minute (Group I) and specimens treated with apple vinegar for 3 minutes (Group IV). Conclusion: Apple vinegar was capable of adequately removing smear layer from intraradicular dentin when used as final rinse.Apple vinegar was more effective in removing smear layer from intraradicular dentin at the apical third compared to 17% EDTA. Apple vinegar was more effective when used for one minute as final rinse in the removal of smear layer without affecting the calcium content of intraradicular dentin compared to 17% EDTA.
Purpose: To evaluate the survival and adherence of apical stem cells to root canal dentin after conditioning with apple vinegar. Materials and Methods: Stem cells from apical papilla of immature third molars were isolated. Survival of cells was evaluated by MTT test. Adherence of cells was evaluated by level of fibronectin expression and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. Thirty dentin discs from premolar teeth, extracted for orthodontic purposes, were immersed in 1.5% NaOCl then washed by PBS and finally divided into five groups regarding the final irrigating solution and time of its application. Group I: EDTA for 5 minutes, Group II: Apple vinegar for 5 minutes, Group III: Distilled water for 5 minutes, Group IV: EDTA for 3 minutes and Group V: Apple vinegar for 3 minutes. Cellular morphology was evaluated by SEM. For that part of the study, twelve root segments were longitudinally sectioned into two halves, and then immersed in 1.5% NaOCl, then rinsed with PBS. Finally, they were divided into three groups regarding the final irrigation. Group I: EDTA, Group II: Apple vinegar and Group III: Distilled water. Samples were rinsed and prepared for examination by SEM. Results: The biocompatibility of tested solutions was arranged in descending manner as following: Apple vinegar > EDTA > cells in media, distilled water and saline > NaOCl. Apple vinegar for 5 minutes released highest amount of fibronectin with statistically significant difference from other groups. Conclusion: apple vinegar promoted survival and attachment of SCAPs better than EDTA.
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