In this study, the essential oils of camphor and lavender were tested in vitro against the third instar larvae of Lucilia sericata for the first time, following dipping toxicity technique. The toxicity results revealed that L. sericata larvae were susceptible to the applied essential oils. Lavender oil was more effective than camphor in killing of L. sericata larvae. With 32 % concentration, the mortality percentages of larvae were 100 and 93.3 %, respectively. Light and scanning electron microscopic examinations were done to determine the cuticular changes of L. sericata larvae following exposure to the applied essential oils. Larvae showed cuticular swelling and distortion after oil treatment, but its level was greater with lavender oil. The current study suggested that an alternative, effective and natural product can be developed as larvicides against L. sericata using camphor and lavender oils.
Aim::The aim of this study was to investigate the early diagnosis of strongyle infection based on early changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokines beside the diagnostic accuracy values and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting profiles using prepared strongyles antigens.Materials and Methods::A total of 73 donkeys had a mean age of 4-32 years old were parasitologically examined for strongyle infection. The early changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokines were determined, and the diagnostic accuracy values and SDS-PAGE and western blotting profiles were performed using prepared strongyles antigens; crude somatic Strongylus
vulgaris (CSS), excretory-secretory S. vulgaris (ESS), crude somatic Cyathostomins (CSC), and excretory-secretory Cyathostomins (ESC).Results::The results revealed highest 437.04% and lowest 37.81% immunoglobulin G (IgG) in high and low egg shedder groups when using ESC and CSS antigens, respectively. Antibodies index for ESS and CSC were significantly higher in moderate egg shedder group while that for ESS and CSC, ESC was significantly higher in high egg shedder group. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) balance in S. vulgaris infected donkeys was approximately equal in apparently healthy, low and high egg shedder groups while TNF-α < IL-4 in moderate egg shedder. In Cyathostomins infected animals, TNF-α/IL-4 balance was approximately equal in apparently healthy group while it was low in moderate and high egg shedder groups. The diagnostic accuracy showed that the higher specificity (46.6%) and prevalence (95.40%) were recorded by CSS and ESC antigens, respectively. However, SDS-PAGE and western blotting profiling proved that the band at molecular weight 25 kDa is exhibited by CSS antigen.Conclusion::Combination of detecting level of TNF-α/IL-4 balance, CSS antigen and IgG concentration is good tool for appropriate diagnosis of such infection. More advancement research must be done concerning Th1/Th2 balance and cross-reactivity of S. vulgaris and Cyathostomins spp. at the base of serological and molecular investigation.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitinase and protease enzymes produced by environmentally safe soil Fungi; sp. NRC 4/5H; sp. NRC 5; sp. NRC 4/56;; ; on embryo development of the camel tick eggs. The experiment was carried out on the 7 day aged eggs. Concentrations of the chitinase and protease crude enzymes [1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 (v/v)] were prepared from six stock solutions whose concentrations were 5 units/ml each. The prepared chitinase and protease enzymes produced by soil fungi were tested in vitro study for eradication of ticks. Ovicidal effect of the chitin concentrations of extracellular lytic enzymes (chitinase) produced by sp NRC 4/5H, sp. NRC 5, sp. NRC 4/56 were tested on eggs. The results showed that the ovicidal effect increased with increasing the chitin concentration in case of sp. NRC 5. The maximum inhibitory effect which ranged from 95.3 to 100 % was at concentrations ranging from 1:3 to 1:5 ml/ml, respectively. The results of protease enzymes produced by , and revealed that, it is highly effective in all concentrations on. eggs. It is indicated that the chitinase and protease enzymes produced by fungal species could be used for biological control of the camel tick infestation to avoid the use of carcinogenic chemical.
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