Ovicidal effect of chitinase and protease enzymes produced by soil fungi on the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii eggs (Acari:Ixodidae)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitinase and protease enzymes produced by environmentally safe soil Fungi; sp. NRC 4/5H; sp. NRC 5; sp. NRC 4/56;; ; on embryo development of the camel tick eggs. The experiment was carried out on the 7 day aged eggs. Concentrations of the chitinase and protease crude enzymes [1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 (v/v)] were prepared from six stock solutions whose concentrations were 5 units/ml each. The prepared chitinase and protease enzymes produced by soil fungi were tested in vitro study for eradication of ticks. Ovicidal effect of the chitin concentrations of extracellular lytic enzymes (chitinase) produced by sp NRC 4/5H, sp. NRC 5, sp. NRC 4/56 were tested on eggs. The results showed that the ovicidal effect increased with increasing the chitin concentration in case of sp. NRC 5. The maximum inhibitory effect which ranged from 95.3 to 100 % was at concentrations ranging from 1:3 to 1:5 ml/ml, respectively. The results of protease enzymes produced by , and revealed that, it is highly effective in all concentrations on. eggs. It is indicated that the chitinase and protease enzymes produced by fungal species could be used for biological control of the camel tick infestation to avoid the use of carcinogenic chemical.

Biogenic α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Enhance the Biological Activity of Trichoderma against the Plant Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

“…also showed ovicidal and inhibitory activity against Hyalomma dromedarii eggs, allowing the use of the fungi to control ticks on camels, avoiding the use of chemicals. 65 Saravanakumar et al 66 demonstrated that by silencing two genes responsible for the production of cellulase in T. harzianum present in the roots of corn plants, the plants showed a lower production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the modification allowed the pathogen Curvularia luneta to colonize a larger area of the corn leaves, indicating that cellulase could activate the defense system of the plant.…”

“…Chitin and protease produced by several fungi including Trichoderma sp. also showed ovicidal and inhibitory activity against Hyalomma dromedarii eggs, allowing the use of the fungi to control ticks on camels, avoiding the use of chemicals …”

Identification of Virulence Factors in Entomopathogenic Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Naturally Infected Rhipicephalus microplus

“…Additionally, S morphotype A. flavus genomes are over one Mbp larger, coding over one hundred more predicted genes than the L morphotype [ 15 ]. A. flavus has been demonstrated to exhibit acaropathogenic properties against different tick species such as R. microplus [ 18 , 19 ], Hyalomma dromedarii [ 20 ], Amblyomma maculatum [ 21 ], and Dermacentor albipictus [ 22 ]. In a previous study, it was found that A. flavus infected R. microplus and produced aflatoxin B1, G1, and G2.…”

The control of Hyalomma ticks, vectors of the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: Where are we now and where are we going?

“…oryzae on H . dromedarii eggs [ 85 ]. Biological control trials on Hyalomma ticks using entomopathogenic nematodes have also been carried out in laboratory conditions, and high virulence of different strains of Steinernema sp.…”