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Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (AdH5) vectors can induce strong transgene product-specific cellular and humoral responses. However, many adult humans have neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against AdH5 as a result of natural infection with this virus. Therefore, a chimpanzee adenovirus C7 (AdC7) vector was developed to circumvent interference by preexisting immunity to AdH5. This study evaluated the impact of preexisting immunity to human adenovirus on the efficacy of adenovirus-based vaccines against the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). Efficacy was assessed after intramuscular injection of the vector into mice and was measured as the frequency of SARS-CoV-specific T cells and NAbs against SARS-CoV. Immunogenicity of the AdH5-based vaccine was significantly attenuated or completely abolished when the preexisting anti-AdH5 NAb titer was higher than 40. Because 27% of human serum samples from the United States tested so far have an anti-AdH5 NAb titer higher than 40, our results suggested that a significant percentage of humans with preexisting anti-AdH5 immunity would not be candidates for vaccination with an AdH5-based genetic vaccine. In contrast, preexisting anti-AdH5 NAbs have a minimal effect on the potency of the AdC7-based genetic vaccine. Taken together, our studies warrant the further development of AdC7 as a vaccine carrier for human trials.

Percentages of veterans afflicted with PTSD vary but are significant. The US Department of Veterans Affairs (2019) estimates that PTSD effects 12% of Gulf War (Desert Storm) veterans and between 11-20% of veterans who served in Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF); and up to 30% of Vietnam veterans have had PTSD in their lifetime. PTSD symptoms are challenging to treat and symptom severity varies. Untreated PTSD can lead to veteran's inability to regulate emotions, hypervigilance, poor sleep hygiene, anxiety, depression, social disconnectedness, among others (Mayo Clinic, 2019). There are known evidence-based options to treat PTSD [e.g., Prolonged Exposure (PE), Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and antidepressant medications; Mayo Clinic, 2019)]. Although treatment options are available, many veterans remain untreated due to lack of effectiveness. Due to the consequences of PTSD symptoms in veterans and lack of effective treatments, there is an immediate need to investigate other approaches to PTSD management. Animal-assisted interventions (AAI) are showing promise in positively influencing human health outcomes in marginalized populations (

This article presents the Blended Learning Virtual Reality Inquiry Framework, an original framework for creating virtual reality inquiry-based lessons for the modern technology-driven classroom. The framework shared in this article invokes research on blended learning , experiential learning, and inquiry-based learning to structure a virtual reality-specific lesson model. The authors present the theory and research behind each aspect of the framework before explaining how the framework is used. The article concludes by providing practitioners with a standard-aligned Blended Learning Virtual Reality Inquiry Framework lesson example.

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