Detecting faces across multiple views is more challenging than in a fixed view, e.g. frontal view, owing to the significant non-linear variation caused by rotation in depth, self-occlusion and self-shadowing. To address this problem, a novel approach is presented in this paper. The view sphere is separated into several small segments. On each segment, a face detector is constructed. We explicitly estimate the pose of an image regardless of whether or not it is a face. A pose estimator is constructed using Support Vector Regression. The pose information is used to choose the appropriate face detector to determine if it is a face. With this pose-estimation based method, considerable computational efficiency is achieved. Meanwhile, the detection accuracy is also improved since each detector is constructed on a small range of views. We developed a novel algorithm for face detection by combining the Eigenface and SVM methods which performs almost as fast as the Eigenface method but with a significant improved speed. Detailed experimental results are presented in this paper including tuning the parameters of the pose estimators and face detectors, performance evaluation, and applications to video based face detection and frontal-view face recognition. q

Recognising faces across multiple views is more challenging than that from a $xed view because of the severe non-linearity caused by rotation in depth, self-occlusion, self-shading, and change of illumination. The problem can be related to the problem of modelling the spatiotemporal dynamics of moving faces from video input for unconstrained live face recognition. Both problems remain largely under-developed. To address the problems, a novel approach is presented in this paper: A multi-view dynamic face model is designed to extract the shape-and-pose-free texture patterns of faces. The model provides a precise correspondence to the task of recognition since the 3 0 shape information is used to warp the multi-view faces onto the model mean shape in frontal-view. The identity surface of each subject is constructed in a discriminant feature space from a sparse set of face texture patterns, or more practically, from one or more learning sequences containing the face of the subject. Instead of matching templates or estimating multi-modal density functions, face recognition can be performed by computing the pattern distances to the identity surfaces or trajectory distances between the object and model trajectories. Experimental results depict that this approach provides an accurate recognition rate while using trajectory distances achieves a more robust performance since the trajectories encode the spatio-temporal information and contain accumulated evidence about the moving faces in a video input.

We present a comprehensive approach to address three challenging problems in face recognition: modelling faces across multi-views, extracting the non-linear discriminating features, and recognising moving faces dynamically in image sequences. A multi-view dynamic face model is designed to extract the shape-and-pose-free facial texture patterns. Kernel Discriminant Analysis, which employs the kernel technique to perform Linear Discriminant Analysis in a high-dimensional feature space, is developed to extract the significant non-linear features which maximise the between-class variance and minimise the within-class variance. Finally, an identity surface based face recognition is performed dynamically from video input by matching object and model trajectories.

Considerable broadening of the reflectance band of a multilayer stack may be obtained by staggering the layer thicknesses in such a way that they form either an arithmetic or geometric progression. Results are shown for asymmetric and symmetric filters of 15, 25, and 35 layers. The presence of the narrowband transmission peaks exhibited by the symmetric filters is explained, and the advantages of the use of this type of filter as an interference filter is discussed.

No abstract