Cytoplasmic processing bodies are sites where nontranslating mRNAs accumulate for different fates, including decapping and degradation, storage, or returning to translation. Previous work has also shown that the Lsm1-7p complex, Dhh1p, and Pat1p, which are all components of P bodies, are required for translation and subsequent recruitment to replication of the plant virus brome mosaic virus (BMV) genomic RNAs when replication is reproduced in yeast cells. To better understand the role of P bodies in BMV replication, we examined the subcellular locations of BMV RNAs in yeast cells. We observed that BMV genomic RNA2 and RNA3 accumulated in P bodies in a manner dependent on cis-acting RNA replication signals, which also directed nonviral RNAs to P bodies. Furthermore, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase coimmunoprecipitates and shows partial colocalization with the P-body component Lsm1p. These observations suggest that the accumulation of BMV RNAs in P bodies may be an important step in RNA replication complex assembly for BMV, and possibly for other positive-strand RNA viruses.The life cycle of viruses in eukaryotic cells requires that the virus complete its life cycle in the context of the host physiology. One interesting aspect of this process is how important steps in viral replication and packaging interface with translation. Since positive-strand RNA viruses, double-stranded RNA viruses, and reverse-transcribing viruses use the same viral genomic RNA as substrates for translation, encapsidation, and replication, mechanisms are required to segregate packaging and replicative events away from translation of the RNAs, thereby avoiding competition between elongating ribosomes and the packaging or replicative machineries. Although they are of significant importance to the viral replicative process, the mechanisms by which viruses segregate translation from replication and assembly are not well understood.One class of viruses in which the interplay between translation and replication is important is the positive-strand RNA viruses, which encompass over one-third of all virus genera and include numerous well-known pathogens, such as hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus. Despite their differences, all positive-strand RNA viruses share similar life cycles. Following infection, the positive-strand RNA first serves as mRNA to produce viral replication factors, and then the transcript exits translation and is selectively recruited to a membrane-associated replication complex (27). An unresolved issue is the mechanism(s) bringing the viral RNAs and proteins together and thus facilitating the assembly of these replication complexes.Insight into the host factors required for the assembly of replication complexes has come from the study of brome mosaic virus (BMV), which has a tripartite segmented genome consisting of RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 and normally infects plants. Viral RNA replication requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), encoded by RNA2, and the 1a protein, which is encoded by RNA1 and functions in the ...

Caloric sweetened beverages have been suggested to be a major dietary contributor to weight gain, particularly among adolescents. Dietary recommendations are for moderating intakes of added sugars; however, the question remains whether certain types of sugars should be limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drinking different caloric sweetened beverages on the development of adiposity, metabolic, and endocrine disorders. Young (age 28 days) female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8-9 rats/group) were randomly assigned to drink either deionized distilled water (ddH2O) or ddH2O sweetened with 13% (w/v) glucose, sucrose, fructose or high fructose corn syrup 55 (HFCS-55) for 8 weeks. Rats drinking caloric sweetened solutions failed to completely compensate for liquid calories ingested by reducing their consumption of solid food. This resulted in greater total energy intake compared to the ddH2O control; however, there was no significant difference in total energy intake between rats drinking sucrose, fructose or HFCS-55. Of the different caloric sweeteners, only rats drinking HFCS-55 had greater (P < 0.05) final body weights and fat mass compared to the rats drinking ddH2O or glucose solution. This may have occurred because drinking HFCS-55 solution promoted a faster body weight gain. Adiposity induced by caloric sweetened water was not accompanied by metabolic disorders indicated by the absence of dyslipidemia and no differences in fasting serum glucose, insulin or C-peptide among the treatment groups. However, rats drinking HFCS-55 showed lengthened estrous cycles due to prolonged estrus. Based on this study, the type of caloric sweetener added to beverages should be considered when making dietary recommendation for reducing excess body weight and related health risk.

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Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages has increased among adolescents, particularly as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) yet the effects of high sugar intake during growth on skeletal acquisition and adult bone health are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding different sugar sweetened beverages to growing rats and its impact on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength at maturity. Immature (3 weeks old) female Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=8–9/group) were randomly assigned to be given deionized distilled water (ddH2 O), or ddH2 O containing 13% w/v of either: glucose, sucrose, fructose or HFCS‐55. Food intake, urine and fecal output were measured weekly. At the end of the 8 weeks studies, both tibiae and femurs were collected. BMD was determined by DEXA and bone strength by three‐point bend test. Urinary/fecal calcium (Ca) was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed tibial and femoral BMD of rats fed glucose was reduced (p<0.001) by 3–8% compared to rats fed the other sweetened beverages. Despite reduced BMD, there was no signification decrease in bone strength. Rats fed the glucose beverage had the lower Ca intake (p<0.001) and Ca excretion (p< 0.05) compared to the other groups. Results indicated that high glucose consumption may reduce BMD by decreasing Ca intake. Other possible mechanisms may be by direct effects on bone.

Obesity is associated with increase risk of metabolic syndrome. As the prevalence of obesity has increased; the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages particularly, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), by adolescence has also increased. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consumption of different sugars on the development of adiposity and associated metabolic disorders. Immature female Sprague‐Dawley rats (age 28 days) were randomized into treatment groups consisting of deionized distilled water (ddH2O) sweetened with 13% w/v Glucose; Sucrose; Fructose; HFCS‐55 or Control (no sugar) for 8 weeks. Rats fed HFCS‐55 had higher (p<0.05) final body weight and fat pad (retroperitoneal and gonadal) weights compared to control, as well as, glucose fed animals. A negative correlation (r2=−0.89, p<0.05) between food intake and beverage consumption suggested that rats compensated for additional calories provided by beverages by decreasing food intake. Increase in fat pad weight may be due to the ability of the sugar to directly stimulate lipogenesis or adipogenesis. The increase in fat pad weight had no effect on the serum lipid profile or fasting blood glucose. The results showed that consumption of HFCS sweetened beverages played a role in weight gain and thus may be a contributing dietary factor in the increase prevalence of obesity.