The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine time trends of the inclusion of fathers in child psychopathology research from 2005 to 2015; and (2) to examine online crowdsourcing as a method to recruit and study fathers. In study 1, findings indicated that, relative to two earlier reviews of father participation from 1984 – 1991 and 1992 – 2004, there has been limited progress in the inclusion of fathers in child psychopathology research over the last decade. In study 2, without explicit efforts to recruit fathers, almost 40% of a sample of 564 parents recruited from online crowdsourcing (Amazon’s Mechanical Turk) were fathers. Major demographic differences did not emerge between mother and father participants and data were equally reliable for mothers and fathers. Fathers were more likely to drop out over the course of a 12-month follow-up but these differences in retention between mothers and fathers were non-significant if fathers were retained at a 2-week follow-up. Finally, family process models tested across four assessments (baseline, 4, 8, and 12 month follow-ups) indicated that data from fathers are equally supportive of convergent validity as data from mothers. We concluded that online crowdsourcing is a promising recruitment methodology to increase father participation in child psychopathology research.

The current study examined relational aggression as a potential mechanism that explains the association between off-time pubertal development and internalizing problems in youth. Youth gender was also examined as a moderator for the association between these variables. It was hypothesized that early pubertal maturation would be associated with higher levels of relationally aggressive behavior which, in turn, would be associated with elevated levels of internalizing problems. Parents of 372 children between the ages of 8 and 17 were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Parents responded to demographic information about themselves, as well as information about their child’s pubertal timing, relationally aggressive behavior, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Findings indicated that early pubertal timing was associated with higher levels of anxiety directly, and higher levels of both anxiety and depressive symptoms indirectly through higher levels of relational aggression. In all but one of the pathways examined, gender was not found to moderate the associations between the study variables of interest. This study is the first to examine relational aggression as a mechanism by which early pubertal timing leads to internalizing problems. The findings suggest that relational aggression could be a target for intervention among early developing youth who are at risk for internalizing problems.

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of COVID-19 patients without and with an MHD was 5.36% vs 6.82% (p < 0.05). After adjustment for age, regression analysis showed that the relative risk of mortality was 29% (relative risk [RR] ¼ 1.29; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6; p ¼ 0.001) in COVID-19 patients with an MHD compared to those without. Finally, the mortality rate in African American COVID-19 patients was significantly higher (6.72% and 7.6% without and with an MHD, respectively) as compared to other ethnicities. The age-adjusted regression analysis showed that the RR of mortality was 35% (RR ¼ 1.35; 95% CI, 1.25-2.67; p ¼ 0.01) in African American COVID-19 patients with and without MHD, compared to the corresponding groups with other ethnicities. Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients across all ages, which is significantly higher in those with an MHD. Furthermore, the mortality rate was disproportionately higher in African Americans compared to the other ethnicities. In children and adolescents, COVID-19 and its related mortality, while uncommon, are still present.

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