This paper presents electronic learning features in Education 4.0 environment. Malaysian government encourages Higher Education Institution (HEIs) to embed technologies in order to prepare future education (Education 4.0). Besides, developing skills among students is important to be more adaptable in changing the environment. Current HEIs using Learning Management System (LMS) has lack of interactive features and non-personalized learning. Therefore, this article set out to analyze the existing literature on e-learning practices in Education 4.0 and to propose e-learning features suits in Education 4.0 environment. Guided by the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) review method, a systematic review of the Scopus 24 related studies. Further review of these articles resulted in seven principles of e-learning features based on the constructivism principle – Self-regulation, Personal perspective, Experiential learning, Social learning, Learning Community, Creating and Sharing Knowledge, Structure and layout which can be used to upgraded and redesigned LMS.
Problem statement: Concept hierarchy is a hierarchically organized collection of domain concepts. It is particularly useful in many applications such as information retrieval, document browsing and document classification. Approach: One of the important tasks in construction of concept hierarchy is identification of suitable terms with appropriate size of domain vocabulary. Results: One way of achieving such a size is by using term reduction. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of reduction approach to reduce size of vocabulary using term selection methods for literary text. The experiment compares entropy method, transition point method and hybrid of transition point and entropy methods with the Vector Space Model (VSM). Conclusion/Recommendations: Results indicate the effectiveness of Transition Point method as compared to the others in reducing size of vocabulary but at same time preserve those important terms that exist in the literary documents.
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the possible involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been scarcely investigated. This systematic review aims to search through research papers that are focusing on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression profile in EMT in fistula or in intestinal fibrosis. Methods: Electronic exploration was performed until April 24, 2019 through PubMed, Ovid, Science Direct, and Scopus databases with the terms of "fistula" OR "intestinal fibrosis" AND "epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Two independent reviewers scrutinized the suitability of the title and abstract before examining the full text that met the inclusion criteria. For each study, the sample types that were used, methods for analysis, and genes expressed were identified. The list of genes was further analyzed using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway. Results: There were 896 citations found; however, only 3 studies fulfilled the requirements. Among the EMT-related genes, 5 were upregulated genes at mRNA level while 6 were at protein level. However, only 2 downregulated genes were found at each mRNA and protein level. Of the 4 inflammation-related genes found, 3 genes were upregulated at mRNA level and 1 at protein level. These genes were confirmed to be involved in the development of inflammatory induced fibrosis and fistula through EMT. Results from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were consistent with the process of EMT, confirmed by the western blot protein analysis. Conclusion: Many significant genes which are involved in the process of EMT in fistula and intestinal fibrosis have been identified. With high-end technology many more genes could be identified. These genes will be good molecular targets in the development of biomarkers for precision drug targeting in the future treatment of intestinal fibrosis and fistula.
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