Background and Objectives: Urinary bladder like any organ in the body that involved by many non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. These lesions are more disabling than being fatal. Bladder tumor is the seventh most common tumor worldwide. Although progress has been made in the field of non-invasive imaging, histopathological study of bladder biopsy still the gold standard for tumor diagnosis, grading, staging and management conducted to clarify the pathological changes of various lesions in the urinary bladder biopsies that obtained by cystoscopy, and to categorize the bladder tumor according to WHO classification. Subject and Method: All the subjects involved in this study were obtained from central laboratory and private laboratories in period extended from January 2009 to December 2015 Results: Histologically 376 cystoscopic biopsies w and females were 90 (23.9%); the male to female ratio was 3.1:1 Non neoplastic lesions accounted for 97 cases (25.8%), Neoplastic lesions accounted for 279 total cases 9.4% of patients were pres there were 87 (89.7%) inflammatory lesions, and the urothelial transitional cell carcinomas were the most common histopathological ones among the neoplastic lesions 278 (99.6%). Adenocarcinoma were found in three cases, squamous cell carcinoma in two, one with sarcomatoid carcinoma and metastatic lesion in one. Conclusions: This study conclud neoplastic ones. The non-invasive low grade tansitional cell carcinoma is the commonest type among bladder tumors and more frequently seen in males above age of 60, where's inflammatory lesions are more frequent non neoplastic dise presenting symptom of the patients with bladder lesions.

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Background: Histopathological evaluation of endometrial samples is essential in the diagnosing of abnormal uterine bleeding. The abnormal bleeding can be caused by a wide variety of disorders and it is one of the commonest complaints leading to endometrial sampling. This study was carried out to assess the patterns of endometrial histological findings in women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and to correlate these findings with clinical features. Materials and Methods: One thousand and nine hundred fifty six patients with diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding underwent endometrial sampling in Duhok city during a period extended from January 2013 to December 2014. The slides stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain were studied. Results: The predominant endometrial histopathological finding was pregnancy related lesion (Retained products of conception) 403 cases (20.6%) followed by secretory endometrium 363 cases (18.5%). Malignant lesions were more common in patients aged 40 years and more and they were comprised 9 cases (0.4%) of all cases. Endometritis was least finding 29 cases (1.8%) followed by endometrial carcinoma 9 cases (0.4%). Conclusions: Histopathological examination of endometrium should be done in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding to rule out neoplastic and non neoplastic specially the retained products of conception hyperplasia and malignant lesions. Around 40% of endometrial biopsy reaveled absence of pathological findings which reflects the high icidence of extrauterine causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Pregnancy related lesions were the highest among organic findings which highlight the needs for more perinatal care. KEYWORDS:Endometrium hyperplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, proliferative and secretory endometrium.