Background: Colorectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal tract cancer worldwide. In Iraq, colorectal cancer was the seventh top cancers, whereas in Kurdistan, it was the fourth most common cancer for both males and females. Although the methods of the diagnosis and therapy have been improved, only about 50% of the patients who resected the tumor died from disease within 5 years, due to distant metastasis. The study was carried out to determine the frequency of histopathological types of colorectal cancer, and to evaluate the correlation between colorectal cancer regarding the grade, stage, with different histological finding which include desmoplastic reaction, lymphocytic infiltration, foamy macrophages, necrosis, intraglandular necrosis, and calcification. Subject and Methods: This study includes (108) patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Cases were collected during the period January 2015-December 2017 from the histopathological department at Central Public Health Laboratory and other private labs in Duhok city. Clinical information were obtained from the available histopathological reports. Paraffin embedded blocks were sectioned and stained with immunohistochemistry markers; Ki67 and VEGF then processed automatically according to protocols supplied by the antibody manufacturer. Results: Patients age ranged from18-83 years with a mean of 54.42 years. The peak ages of the patients were between 60-69 years. Male: female ratio was 1.5:1. The commonest tumor location was (recto-sigmoidal region); rectum was (42.6 %) and sigmoid colon was(22.2%).Conventional adenocarcinoma was the predominant type 86(79.6%), majority of cases were moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma constituting85.2%. Stage III was the highest stage constituting 56(51.9%), followed by stage II which constitute 37(34.3%).The local invasion of the mucosa and other layers of colonic wall were associated with desmoplasia and collagen fiber remodeling. Infiltration of foamy macrophages decreased in number in relation to higher grade. Intraglandular necrosis showed significant correlation with tumor invasiveness, lymph node metastasis and grade. The frequency of both markers Ki67 and VEGF were 77 and 75 respectively. Ki67 immunoreactivity revealed significant relationship with tumor grade (P=0.014), whereas VEGF had significant relationship with TNM stage (P = 0.019), as well as the local invasion to the colorectal wall (P 0.009). Conclusions: Moderate differentiated adenocarcinoma (85.2%) and stage III (51.9%) were the most frequent diagnosed cases with colorectal cancer. Macrophages infiltration was conversely related with grading of colorectal cancer. Histopathological changes like desmoplastic reaction and intraglandular necrosis were common findings in colorectal cancer and they were in concordance correlation with stage and grade.Ki67 had relationship with tumor grade, whereas VEGF correlate with tumor invasion.

Neuroendocrine differentiation has been mentioned in many cancers of non-neuroendocrinal organs, involving the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, the correlation of focally diffused neuroendocrine differentiation in colorectal adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia has not been somewhat reported. The objective of this research is to study the relationship between neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and neuroendocrine differentiation in colorectal adenocarcinoma and to find the correlation of neuroendocrine differentiation and VEGF expression with clinicopathological parameters of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Methods employed in the current study were including eighty-one patients with colorectal cancer. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded blocks were sectioned and stained with immunohistochemical markers; Chromogranin A and VEGF; and processed automatically according to protocols supplied by the antibody manufacturer. Results show that neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in the mucosa nearby tumor comprised (42%) and it was associated with neuroendocrine differentiation. Neuroendocrine differentiation and vascular endothelial growth factor were positive in 48.1% and 63% respectively. Neuroendocrine differentiation did not show a relation with clinicopathological parameters with the exception of tumor that metastasizes to other tissues and organs. The association of VEGF with the same factors had significant impact with tumor stage, degree of local invasion and lymph node metastasis. Other histological changes revealed that only desmoplastic reaction had significant difference in relation to neuroendocrine differentiation. This study reached the conclusion that neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia is positively correlated with neuroendocrine differentiation and it has strong linkage in pathogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Neuroendocrine differentiation and VEGF expression are greatly correlated with progression and invasion of tumor to other tissues and organs, and this can be represented as an important parameter for poor prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Background and Objectives: Urinary bladder like any organ in the body that involved by many non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. These lesions are more disabling than being fatal. Bladder tumor is the seventh most common tumor worldwide. Although progress has been made in the field of non-invasive imaging, histopathological study of bladder biopsy still the gold standard for tumor diagnosis, grading, staging and management conducted to clarify the pathological changes of various lesions in the urinary bladder biopsies that obtained by cystoscopy, and to categorize the bladder tumor according to WHO classification. Subject and Method: All the subjects involved in this study were obtained from central laboratory and private laboratories in period extended from January 2009 to December 2015 Results: Histologically 376 cystoscopic biopsies w and females were 90 (23.9%); the male to female ratio was 3.1:1 Non neoplastic lesions accounted for 97 cases (25.8%), Neoplastic lesions accounted for 279 total cases 9.4% of patients were pres there were 87 (89.7%) inflammatory lesions, and the urothelial transitional cell carcinomas were the most common histopathological ones among the neoplastic lesions 278 (99.6%). Adenocarcinoma were found in three cases, squamous cell carcinoma in two, one with sarcomatoid carcinoma and metastatic lesion in one. Conclusions: This study conclud neoplastic ones. The non-invasive low grade tansitional cell carcinoma is the commonest type among bladder tumors and more frequently seen in males above age of 60, where's inflammatory lesions are more frequent non neoplastic dise presenting symptom of the patients with bladder lesions.