Croup is a common respiratory disease that affects 3% of children aged six months to three years. It represents 7% of annual hospital admissions for fever and/or acute respiratory disease in children under the age of five. Boys are more susceptible than girls to the condition, with an overall male/female predominance of 1.4/1. Viruses are detected in up to 80% of patients with croup with identifiable pathogens. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and usually occurs at night: stridor, hoarse voice and respiratory distress are often seen due to upper airway obstruction. Croup is a clinical diagnosis, children with an uncertain diagnosis, anterior and lateral soft-tissue neck radiographs may be useful to support an alternative diagnosis. Management includes: general care, humidified air, heliox, corticosteroids, and epinephrine, Objective: This study aimed to discuss croup in terms of its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, assessment, and finally management.
Tracheomalacia is excessive trachea collapse, usually upon expiration. Severe symptoms accompany congenital types. Often milder versions occur following the neonatal period. Adult malacia is mostly linked to pulmonary chronic obstruction. There's still no standardized functional bronchoscopy. Dynamic CT airway is an excellent diagnostic tool. Bronchoscopy and stent insertion led to a major improvement, although with a high incidence of complication. Surgical lateropexia, excision of trachea and external surgical stabilization are possibilities. Aortopexy is the most common operation in children.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.