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The aim of this study was to analyse the leached moieties of dental composites after storage in ethanol and organic acids of plaque and further evaluate the resultant effect on the diametral tensile strength (DTS) of the composites. Three commercial composites were used: Bis-GMA-based Z100, Bis-GMA/UDMA-based Heliomolar, and Bis-MPEPP-based Marathon One. The solutions used were: 99.9% acetic acid, 99% propionic acid and 75% ethanol. Specimens (4 mm diam. x 2 mm thick) were stored at 37 degrees C in 3 mL of solution for up to 30 days. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize the leached moieties and DTS of the specimens after immersion was evaluated. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey LSD test. The eluted substances were not all the same in different solutions and composites but mostly increased with immersion time, and included diluents (TEGDMA and decamethacrylate) and some additives, such as an ultra-violet stabilizer (TINUVINP), plasticizers (dicyclohexyl phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), initiator (triphenyl stibine), coupling agent (gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane), and phenyl benzoate. The chief polymerizing monomers were not found. More kinds of components were found in the acetic acid and ethanol groups studied. The fewest kinds and quantities of leached moieties were found for Bis-GMA specimens and then Bis-GMA/UDMA ones, most of which are diluent agents. Bis-MPEPP specimens leached the most substances, which were composed mostly of a short phenyl group chain structure. The BisGMA composite showed the highest DTS (54.8 +/- 5.7 MPa), which was not greatly affected by the length of storage. Bis-GMA/UDMA (36.2 +/- 6.8 MPa) and Bis-MPEPP (26.1 +/- 4.5 MPa) composites were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after 30 days storage in the ethanol (35-50%), in the propionic acid (25-30%), and in the acetic acid (40-60%). Irreversible processes such as the leaching of components occur in fluids simulating an oral environment, which may contribute to irreversible material degradation, especially for non-Bis-GMA-based composites.

Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) has been used by several investigators to assess the boundary conditions of dental implants. The goal of the current study was to determine the vibrating behavior of a dental implant under various surrounding bone conditions. A 3D finite element (FE) model of a cylinder-type titanium implant was developed. In this model, the implant was embedded into a cubic section of bone. The model was first validated using a series of modal testing experiments. The effects of bony conditions on the resonance frequencies of the implant were computed with different bone types and bone densities. Our results show that the resonance frequency of the implant with type III surrounding bone decreased linearly (r = -0.996, P < 0.01) from 17.9 kHz (without loss in bone density) to 0.6 kHz (90% loss in bone density) when the bone densities were decreased. On the other hand, without bone loss, the highest resonance frequency value (36.1 kHz) was found when the implant was placed into type I surrounding bone. In contrast, the resonance frequency of the implant with type IV bone quality was found to be 9.9 kHz, which is almost four-fold less than that found in the type I model. These results suggest that RFA could serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting the stability of dental implants during the healing stages and in subsequent routine follow-up care after treatment.

In this study, in vitro and in vivo models were adopted for assessing the application of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) in the early detection of implant stability. In the in vitro tests, RF values of implants placed in bone block with predrilled cavities of 3.75 and 5.0 mm were measured and compared. Stone was used to fill the inter-space between implants and the bone blocks. Our results showed that poor initial stability conditions contributed to a lower initial RF (IRF) value (5.41+/-0.32 kHz) and a longer simulated healing period (41 min) than that of well-fitted conditions (9.63+/-0.34 kHz for IRF, 14 min for the simulated healing period, P<0.05). To validate such in vitro tests, animal models were also performed. Implants were placed in the left tibias of six rabbits using a general surgery procedure. The modal testing method was used to test the RF values of the implants. The RF values of the implants increased significantly (P<0.05) during the healing period and reached a plateau when the implant-bone interface was united. The variations of RF values of the testing implants showed a similar trend to the results of in vitro tests, i.e., implants with higher initial RF values had shorter simulated healing times. Based on these findings, we concluded that RFA is a reliable and accurate method for early assessment of the osseointegration process.

The aim of this study was to test the differentiative effects of osteoblasts after treatment with a static magnetic field (SMF). MG63 osteoblast-like cells were exposed to a 0.4-T SMF. The differentiation markers were assessed by observing the changes in alkaline phosphatase activity and electron microscopy images. Membrane fluidity was used to evaluate alterations in the biophysical properties of the cellular membranes after the SMF simulation. Our results show that SMF exposure increases alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix release in MG63 cells. On the other hand, MG63 cells exposed to a 0.4-T SMF exhibited a significant increase in fluorescence anisotropy at 6 h, with a significant reduction in the proliferation effects of growth factors noted at 24 h. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that one of the possible mechanisms that SMF affects osteoblastic maturation is by increasing the membrane rigidity and reducing the proliferation-promoting effects of growth factors at the membrane domain.

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