Purpose To detect the early changes in retinal vasculature via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) by comparing the quantitative OCTA parameters in the group of patients who were using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or not. Methods This was a cross-sectional, comparative, and observational study. The patients who were newly or previously prescribed HCQ for an autoimmune disease were included. OCTA imaging was performed via OCT RT XR Avanti with AngioVue software (Optivue Inc, Freemont, CA). The study group had two groups: a control group (patients newly diagnosed and who were not taking any medication) and a treatment group (patients who were receiving HCQ treatment). The main outcome measure was OCTA parameters. Results A total of 102 eyes of 102 patients were included. There were 70 patients in the treatment group and 32 patients in the control group. All of the vascular density values were similar between the control and treatment groups (p [ 0.05 for all). However, the superficial whole thickness, superficial parafoveal thickness, superficial perifoveal thickness, deep whole thickness, deep parafoveal thickness, and deep perifoveal thickness were thinner in the treatment group than the control group (p \ 0.05 for all). Conclusion Vascular density parameters did not differ between the control and treatment groups. However, the retinal thickness values were lower in the treatment group.

In our study, the only significant difference between persistent and resolved amblyopia groups was the initial VA. Neither OCT nor electrophysiological examinations were found to be useful in order to explain why some cases were resistant to the treatment for amblyopia.

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Subtotal vitrectomy seems as an effective and safe surgical technique in the treatment of macular diseases.

SIGNIFICANCE We compared the 24-month outcomes of ranibizumab and dexamethasone implants in treatment-naive branch retinal vein occlusion patients. Ranibizumab was effective in improving visual outcomes, whereas the dexamethasone implant was not. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the 2-year real-world outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab with dexamethasone implants in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS The treatment-naive branch retinal vein occlusion patients with macular edema who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab or dexamethasone implant were included retrospectively. Primary outcome measures were the change in best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness. RESULTS Eighty-seven eyes of 87 patients were included. Mean ± SD best-corrected visual acuity in the intravitreal ranibizumab group at baseline and 24 months was 0.64 ± 0.48 and 0.49 ± 0.44 logMAR (P < .05). Mean ± SD best-corrected visual acuity in the intravitreal dexamethasone implant group at baseline and 24 months was 0.98 ± 0.56 and 0.92 ± 0.61 logMAR (P > .05). Mean ± SD central retinal thickness in the intravitreal ranibizumab group at baseline and 24 months was 530 ± 150 and 337 ± 103 μm (P < .05). Mean ± SD central retinal thickness in the intravitreal dexamethasone implant group at baseline and 24 months was 591 ± 113 and 335 ± 99 μm (P < .05). Mean ± SD number of injections at 24 months was 5.6 ± 1.8 in the intravitreal ranibizumab group and 2.7 ± 1.1 in the dexamethasone implant group (P < .0001). Progression in lens opacity was detected in 5.7% of the phakic patients in the intravitreal ranibizumab group and 46.1% of them in the dexamethasone implant group (P < .0001). None of the patients in the intravitreal ranibizumab group and 9 (22.0%) of 41 patients in the dexamethasone implant group showed an increase of more than 10 mmHg in intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS Ranibizumab was effective in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in both visual and anatomical outcomes; however, dexamethasone implant was effective only in anatomical outcomes.

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Purpose. To report a case report of one patient suffering from retinal artery occlusion secondary to Buerger's disease, in order to raise awareness to this etiology in the differential diagnosis of retinal artery occlusion. Methods. A retrospective case report of a patient with retinal artery occlusion secondary to Buerger's disease. Data retrieved from the medical records included exposure, complaints, visual acuity, clinical findings and imaging, laboratory assessment, treatment, disease course, and visual outcome. Results. Diagnosis of retinal artery occlusion secondary to Buerger's disease was established based on ruling out other causes of retinal artery occlusion. Inflammatory retinal vascular disease, permanent vision loss, and macular atrophy were shown in this case. Conclusion. The very first case of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in a 64-year-old male patient with Buerger's disease. Although diagnosing CRAO based on both fundoscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings is not difficult, revealing underlying condition of CRAO occasionally could be challenging.

PurposeTo investigate the outcomes of vitrectomy, subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) injection, hemorrhage displacement with liquid perfluorocarbon, gas tamponade, and face-down positioning, in hemorrhagic neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients.MethodsIn this retrospective case series, we reviewed the records of patients who were diagnosed as having submacular hemorrhage (SMH) secondary to neovascular AMD between January and June 2016. The main outcome measure was the difference between preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).ResultsIn 9 eyes of 9 patients, mean preoperative and postoperative BCVA at the last follow-up were 1.65 and 1.49 LogMAR, respectively (p = 0.1), after a mean follow up time of 12.4 ± 1.0 months. The SMH was successfully displaced in 5 of the 9 patients (55.5%). Four out of 9 patients (44.4%) gained ≥3 lines. The duration of SMH was 3.6 ± 2.1 days (range 1–7) in the successfully displacement group, and was 10.0 ± 1.8 days (range 8–12) in the group in which was SMH could not be displaced (p = 0.002). The mean SMH area was smaller in the successfully displacement group than the group in which was SMH could not be displaced (p = 0.04).ConclusionVitrectomy, subretinal tPA injection, hemorrhage displacement with liquid perfluorocarbon, gas tamponade and face-down positioning was associated with improved visual outcomes in patients with hemorrhagic neovascular AMD. The duration and area of the SMH seemed to be related to the success of displacement.