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Several pathogens and pests damage tomato plants, and only one and/or more pathogens and pests can coexist in the same plant at the same time. As several numerous pathogens are found in the same plant, the damage to the tomato plants is higher. Pathogens such as nematodes, viruses, viroids, bacteria, and insects adversely affect the growth and development of tomato plants. They may infect roots or upper part of the plant and can cause not only slow down the growth of plants, but also crop losses and their death. Damaging of plant caused by pathogens and pests reduces the market value of plant products. Those pathogens and pests are also called biotic stress agents. The damage, mode of infection, and the mechanism of infection in each tomato plant and pathogens might be different. This situation is crucially important to understand plant pathogen relationship in detail in terms of controlling pests and pathogen. The effect of each pest/pathogen on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions will be discussed in this chapter.

Plant hormones, such as auxin, play crucial roles in many plant developmental processes, which is crosstalk with gibberellin and strigolactone. The roles of hormones may vary in the biosynthesis of metabolisms. During the pathogen attack, including plant-parasitic nematodes, viroid, phytoplasma, virus, and bacteria, plant hormones are involved in several plant processes. Ethylene (ET), salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) primarily regulate synergistically or antagonistically against pathogens. Those pathogens—nematodes, bacteria, viroid, phytoplasma, and viruses regulate several plant hormones for successful parasitism, influencing the phytohormone structure and modifying plant development. Several genes are related to plant hormones that are involved in pathogens parasitism. In this chapter, how pathogens affect plant hormones in plants growing are discussed.

Strawberry is an important crop for many features, including being rich in vitamins and minerals. In addition to fresh consumption, it has been appealing to a wide range of consumers in recent years. Its cultivation is in flat areas, slopes, and areas where other crops are limited. Many pests and diseases that are the main biotic stress factors cause significant crop losses in strawberry cultivation. The aim of this chapter is to reveal biotic stress factors and their management. Several plant-parasitic nematodes, fungal diseases, weeds, pests, virus diseases, and bacterial diseases are the main biotic stress factors in plant growing and fruit ripening. The preparation of this book chapter is based on previously published sources and researches and manuscripts. In this section, it is aimed to provide readers with new perspectives in terms of collecting data on nematodes, diseases, pests, weeds, and fruit ripening of strawberry plants. The effect and mechanism of those biotic stress factors on strawberry growing are discussed and revealed in this chapter.

Rhizosphere isolates of Bacillus and Pseudomonas species isolated from the roots of eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) were collected in eggplant cultivated areas in various geographical districts of Turkey. Isolates were evaluated for siderophore, protease and cyanide production along with the cell wall degrading enzyme production as well as phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing capacities. The isolates showing good performance were tested against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, a highly destructive fungal agent for eggplants, for the antagonistic activities. The isolates designated as 11-4

Bacterial speck Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) (Okabe) Young, Dye, & Wilkie is a widespread disease in tomato plants. Four plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) strains 5(3), 68(2), 36(1), and 47(3) played a significant role (50% and higher) in reducing spot disease severity. Selected strains were identified as Pseudomonas koreensis 5(3), Bacillus mycoides 68(2), Bacillus mojavensis 36(1), and Bacillus simplex 47(3) using the MALDI Biotyper classification system. In planta assay using tomato seedlings were inoculated with the bacterial strains alone or in dual combination. Pseudomonas koreensis 5(3) (51.9%–74.29%) and Bacillus mycoides 68(2) (36.70%–65.56%) both provided a significant reduction in foliar severity caused by bacterial speck disease agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Okabe) Young, Dye, & Wilkie. Bacillus simplex 47(3) and Bacillus mojavensis 36(1) were successful only in combined treatments. Defense enzymes Proline, Peroxidase, and Catalase were induced by PGPR strains in comparison with those of control plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and callose deposition were evident at reaction sites induced by PGPR strains. The accumulation of callose, H2O2, and high levels of defense enzymes via the treatment of PGPRs might play a significant role in a practical, safe, and effective way to control Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.