In order to decrease the environmental harm produced by the agro industries’ wastes’, an investigation of the co-composting of olive mill waste (olive mill wastewater (OMW), olive mill sludge (OMS)) and wine by-products (grape marc and winery wastewater) was done. Three aerated windrows of variable compositions were performed; these windrows differ in terms of their initial composition and the liquid used for their humidification; OMW and wastewater winery were used for humidification to replace water for windrow moistening. Moreover, the main physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and C/N) were monitored to evaluate the co-composting process. The latter lasted around three months. The elaborated composts were characterized by low C/N ratio, and they were rich in fertilizing and nutriment elements and of low heavy metal contents. The humidification of the windrows with OMW showed effectiveness in improving the windrows temperature, reflected by the high temperatures monitored during the composting process in comparison with the windrow humidified with winery wastewater. Furthermore, a longer thermophilic phase was held in windrows carrying OMS. The valorization of the produced composts for soil amendment significantly improved the soil fertility. Indeed, field experiments showed an increase in radish yield by 10%, the composts were harmless and did not have any phytotoxic effect on radish growth.
The date moth in the area of Tafilalet in the southeast of Morocco.Abstract -Introduction. Various moth species can attack date fruit. This pest causes up to 30% date yield loss in Morocco. This study set out to identify the date moth species and their parasitoids, by specifying their relative importance, and to indicate the factors governing the date infestation. Materials and methods. Surveys were conducted during the years 1997 and 1998 in 16 sites distributed in the main Tafilalet palm groves. Samplings were carried out on date bunches and on dates fallen on the ground. The infested fruit number was counted and placed in hatchers until the moth adult and their parasitoid exited. Results and discussion. Three moth species are able to develop on the date fruit in the field with different incidences. The main pest is Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia figulilella are secondary pests. The date infestation varies from one year to another, rainy years supporting the moth swarm. The damage caused by the moth depends on the date palm variety. The Bou feggous early variety with a thin epidermis is more subject to infestations. The bunch sacked allowed reduction of the date infestation. E. ceratoniae populations can be also limited by two parasitoids: Phanerotoma ocuralis on the bunch and Bracon hebetor in the fallen date. Conclusion. The application of some cultivation techniques could help farmers to significantly reduce the infestation of dates in the field. Morocco / Phoenix dactylifera / insect control / parasitoids / identification / pest resistance La pyrale des dattes dans la région de Tafilalet au Sud-Est du Maroc.Résumé -Introduction. Diverses espèces de pyrales peuvent s'attaquer aux dattes. Ce ravageur cause jusqu'à 30 % de pertes parmi les récoltes de dattes au Maroc. L'étude présentée a cherché à identifier les espèces de pyrales des dattes et leurs parasitoïdes, en précisant leurs importances relatives, et à dégager les facteurs influençant l'infestation des dattes. Matériel et méthodes. Des prospections ont été menées durant les années 1997 et 1998 dans 16 sites répartis dans les principales palmeraies de la région de Tafilalet. Des échantillonnages ont été effectués sur régimes et sur dattes tombées au sol. Les fruits infestés ont été dénombrés puis placés dans des éclosoirs jusqu'à la sortie des adultes des pyrales et de leurs parasitoïdes. Résultats et discussion. Trois espèces de pyrales peuvent se développer sur les dattes au champ avec des incidences différentes. Le principal ravageur est Ectomyelois ceratoniae. En revanche, Plodia interpunctella et Ephestia figulilella sont des déprédateurs secondaires. L'infestation des dattes varie d'une année à l'autre, les années humides favorisant la pullulation de la pyrale. Les dégâts dus à la pyrale ont varié selon la variété de palmier dattier : la variété Bou feggous à dattes de maturité précoce et à épiderme fin a été la plus vulnérable à l'attaque de la pyrale. L'ensachage des régimes permet de réduire notablement l'infestatio...
The study aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation in the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of Oued Inaouène water in relation to urban discharges that remain the main sources of pollution in the Inaouene basin. During the period from May 2019 to March 2020, seven stations were sampled, six of which are spread along the Inaouène Oued in addition to one reference station that is less affected by urban pollution. The indicators used were: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity and dissolved oxygen (OD), biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), E coli, IE and TC. The quality data obtained were analysed using multivariate statistical methods (the CPA) and the correlation matrix. The results showed that with the exception of the O T station located upstream of urban discharges, the majority of stations downstream of urban discharges have poor quality during both wet and dry seasons, according to the Moroccan standards.
Mediterranean Rivers are often increasingly subjected to stress as a result of riparian population activities. This present study assessed the impact of human activities on the water quality of the Inaouene River in Morocco. For this purpose, water samples were collected from seven sampling stations along the River and analysed. The water of the Inaouene River is characterised by slightly alkaline water pH (7.32-7.59), electrical conductivity (1206.44-3674.14 μS cm-1), very low level of dissolved oxygen (1.98-5.55 mg L-1), BOD5 (45.42-328.7 mg L-1), COD (112.71-468.46 mg L-1). The results classify the Inaouene River’s water in the “moderate to poor” quality range based on Moroccan standards. This water, which is characterised by moderate to severe organic contamination, is also distinguished by a significant allochthone charge from the different riparian urban centres. The multivariate analysis showed a decline in water quality and high amounts of organic matter, nitrogenous and phosphorus in urban centres downstream. Waters from stations located further away from domestic discharge points are less polluted and more oxygenated. Overall, these findings confirmed that the combined effect of anthropogenic activities and the seasonality characteristic of the Inaouene watershed is the main factor that determines water quality.
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