In order to decrease the environmental harm produced by the agro industries’ wastes’, an investigation of the co-composting of olive mill waste (olive mill wastewater (OMW), olive mill sludge (OMS)) and wine by-products (grape marc and winery wastewater) was done. Three aerated windrows of variable compositions were performed; these windrows differ in terms of their initial composition and the liquid used for their humidification; OMW and wastewater winery were used for humidification to replace water for windrow moistening. Moreover, the main physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and C/N) were monitored to evaluate the co-composting process. The latter lasted around three months. The elaborated composts were characterized by low C/N ratio, and they were rich in fertilizing and nutriment elements and of low heavy metal contents. The humidification of the windrows with OMW showed effectiveness in improving the windrows temperature, reflected by the high temperatures monitored during the composting process in comparison with the windrow humidified with winery wastewater. Furthermore, a longer thermophilic phase was held in windrows carrying OMS. The valorization of the produced composts for soil amendment significantly improved the soil fertility. Indeed, field experiments showed an increase in radish yield by 10%, the composts were harmless and did not have any phytotoxic effect on radish growth.
Composting is an ecological method of recycling organic waste. It presents an effective solution to reduce the large volume of agricultural waste and provides an organic fertilizer and soil amendment. However, its implementation remains limited, especially in Morocco. The vast majority of farmers are unaware of the effectiveness of compost, and it is often considered as an inefficient product compared with chemical fertilizers. In order to develop a local marketing strategy for compost, this study aims to identify the perceptions and willingness of farmers to produce and use compost in agriculture, and to assess the factors shaping these perceptions and willingness, including socio-economic, agricultural and individual factors. The case of Morocco is investigated, where the vast majority of farmers practice inappropriate disposal of agricultural waste and excessive use of agro-chemicals. Data are collected using a standard questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 350 farmers during their visit to the international agricultural exhibition in Morocco. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used for data analysis. The results showed a high level (80%) of acceptance by farmers of the production and use of compost. Farmers are also very willing to produce and use compost in agriculture. All the socio-economic, individual and agricultural factors, except gender, length of experience and cultivated area, had a highly significant influence on farmers’ perception and willingness to produce compost (p < 0.005). The positive perceptions of farmers and the high level of willingness to produce compost imply that the composting of organic waste should be encouraged by our local authorities. The production of compost will thus contribute to environmental sustainability and to the promotion of the ecological management of agricultural waste meeting the requirements of a circular economy.
RÉSUMÉObjectif : Actuellement, le bassin versant de l'Oued Larbâa au Maroc se trouve menacé par une pollution intensive, vu l'énorme volume des rejets, sans aucun traitement préalable, de la ville de Taza. La pollution totale rejetée par la ville de Taza atteindra 30354 m 3 /j à l'horizon 2015 (RADEETA, 2004). L'utilisation agricole des eaux usées des affluents de l'oued Larbâa est plus intense et vise essentiellement les cultures maraîchères. Cette utilisation s'accompagne de risques sanitaires dont l'évaluation nécessite la connaissance des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et microbiologiques de ces eaux. Méthodologie et résultats : Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette étude indiquent que la qualité physicochimique et microbiologique des eaux utilisées pour l'irrigation des cultures ne répond pas toujours aux critères d'utilisation de ces eaux dans l'irrigation des cultures maraîchères. Les eaux d'irrigation des stations situées en aval des rejets de la ville de Taza sont polluées sur le plan chimique et bactériologique, se caractérisent par de faible teneurs en Oxygène dissous, des teneurs élevées en matière en suspension (MES), demande biologique en oxygène à 5 jours (DBO5), demande chimique en oxygène (DCO), Nitrate, Orthophosphates et des taux élevés dépassent la valeur limitée pour l'irrigation en métaux lourds tels que le Fer et le manganèse ainsi que par une présence importante de coliformes et streptocoques fécaux qui dépassent les limites fixés par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). La protection de ces eaux contre les contaminations diverses est nécessaire et impérative pour que ces eaux servent encore en agriculture. Conclusion et application des résultats : La contamination des eaux des cours d'eaux récepteurs des eaux usées de la ville de Taza, utilisées dans l'irrigation des cultures situées à leur proximité, les rend impropres à cette utilisation. En fait, une réutilisation de ces eaux serait possible après traitement biologique qui apparait possible selon les valeurs du rapport DBO5/DCO obtenus lors de cette étude, sans ignorer les traitements visant la flore bactérienne détectée qui présente un danger pour la santé des consommateurs des cultures contaminées. Mots-clés : Irrigation, Eaux usées, Oued Larbâa, physico-chimique, bactériologique. Quality assessment of rivers in the city of Taza used in the irrigation of vegetable crops (Morocco). ABSTRACT Objective: Currently, the watershed of Oued Larbâa in Morocco is threatened by intensive pollution, given the enormous volume of discharges, without any pretreatment from the city of Taza. The total pollution released by the city of Taza is estimated to reach 30,354 m 3 / d by 2015 (RADEETA, 2004). Agricultural use of the effluents from the river Larbâa is intense and is mainly vegetable crops. This use is associated with health risks necessities evaluation of the physico -chemical and microbiological characteristics of these waters. Journal of Applied Methodology and results:The results obtained in this study indicate that the physico...
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