Initiating combination therapy in patients who achieve an inadequate improvement in exercise tolerance with monotherapy may result in further improvement in exercise tolerance.
Objectives:To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics for 224 of in-hospital coronavirus disease 2019 )COVID-19( mortality cases. This study's clinical implications provide insight into the significant death indicators among COVID-19 patients and the outbreak burden on the healthcare system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia )KSA(.
Methods:A multi-center retrospective cross-sectional study conducted among all COVID-19 mortality cases admitted to 15 Armed Forces hospitals across KSA, from March to July 2020. Demographic data, clinical presentations, laboratory investigations, and complications of COVID-19 mortality cases were collected and analyzed.
Original ArticleResults: The mean age was 69.66±14.68 years, and 142 )63.4%( of the cases were male. Overall, 30% of the COVID-19 mortalities occurred in the first 24 hours of hospital admission, while 50% occurred on day 10. The most prevalent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus )DM, 73.7%(, followed by hypertension )HTN, 69.6%(. Logistic regression for risk factors in all mortality cases revealed that direct mortality cases from COVID-19 were more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome )odds ratio [OR]: 1.75, confidence intervel [CI: 0.89-3.43]; p=0.102( and acute kidney injury )OR: 1.01, CI: [0.54-1.90]; p=0.960(.
Conclusion:Aging, male gender and the high prevalence of the underlying diseases such as, DM and HTN were a significant death indicators among COVID-19 mortality cases in KSA. Increases in serum ferritin, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein )CRP(, and D-dimer levels can be used as indicators of disease progression.
In September 2015, a confirmed case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was diagnosed in a healthcare worker in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Given the absence of confirmed MERS cases in Jeddah at the time, an epidemiological index case investigation took place. The investigation identified a probable source of an index case who had been in hospital in Jordan in August 2015 while there was an ongoing MERS outbreak and who then subsequently sought medical care in Jeddah.
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