Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 mortality in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Objectives:To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics for 224 of in-hospital coronavirus disease 2019 )COVID-19( mortality cases. This study's clinical implications provide insight into the significant death indicators among COVID-19 patients and the outbreak burden on the healthcare system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia )KSA(. Methods:A multi-center retrospective cross-sectional study conducted among all COVID-19 mortality cases admitted to 15 Armed Forces hospitals across KSA, from March to July 2020. Demographic data, clinical presentations, laboratory investigations, and complications of COVID-19 mortality cases were collected and analyzed. Original ArticleResults: The mean age was 69.66±14.68 years, and 142 )63.4%( of the cases were male. Overall, 30% of the COVID-19 mortalities occurred in the first 24 hours of hospital admission, while 50% occurred on day 10. The most prevalent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus )DM, 73.7%(, followed by hypertension )HTN, 69.6%(. Logistic regression for risk factors in all mortality cases revealed that direct mortality cases from COVID-19 were more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome )odds ratio [OR]: 1.75, confidence intervel [CI: 0.89-3.43]; p=0.102( and acute kidney injury )OR: 1.01, CI: [0.54-1.90]; p=0.960(. Conclusion:Aging, male gender and the high prevalence of the underlying diseases such as, DM and HTN were a significant death indicators among COVID-19 mortality cases in KSA. Increases in serum ferritin, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein )CRP(, and D-dimer levels can be used as indicators of disease progression.

Clinical Characteristics, Complications, and Predictors of Poor Outcome Among Hospitalized Adult COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Poor outcome was observed in 18% (97/527) of patients, and the proportion of patients who died during admission was 8% (42/527). These findings are supported by previous national and international studies ranging from 6% to 33% for ICU admission and 6% to 14% for hospital mortality [11,12,20,21].…”

COVID-19: Clinical Assessment, And Prognosis

“…According to the ndings, there were 54% more males than females who had COVID-19 infections. This is in line with research done in Saudi Arabia, where 63.4% of the sample members were men; research done in the United Arab Emirates, where 84.6% of the sample members were men; and research done in Iran, where 67.4% of the sample members were men [7][8][9]. In contrast, the study in Lebanon did not demonstrate a 51% rise in the incidence of male infection compared to 49% for females [10].…”

“…According to our study's ndings, patients over the age of 61 had a 31% infection rate for COVID-19 infection. These ndings are in line with research conducted in Saudi Arabia, where patients with COVID-19 had an average age of 69.6 years [7]. In a prior US study, individuals with COVID-19 who were brought to the critical care unit and whose average age was 70 years old saw a 67% increase in mortality [13,14].…”

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 mortality among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide study

“…Likewise, this study has found that the most prevalent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (73.7%) followed by hypertension (69.6%) [15] . Another study done in Saudi Araba assessing the comorbidities and risk factors for severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients, found that mortality rate of COVID-19 was significantly higher among patients with respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and renal comorbidities [16] .…”

“…Our study further asserts that given the presence of either one comorbidity or more, hypertension, or a chronic respiratory condition; one can predict that a HCW infected with COVID-19 will end up admitted in ICU. Two studies, one conducted in Saudi Arabia and one in Egypt, asserted that on addition to these three factors, renal impairment is also a significant predictor of ICU admission among COVID-19 patients [16] , [17] …”