Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFN) are employed in data storage, imaging, medication administration, and catalysis due to their superparamagnetic characteristics. The widespread use of CFN led to significantly increased exposure to people and the environment to these nanoparticles. Until now, there is not any published paper describing the adverse effect of repeated oral intake of this nanoformulation on rats’ lungs. So, the current research aims to elucidate the pulmonary toxicity prompted by different concentrations of CFN in rats as well as to explore the mechanistic way of such toxicity. We used 28 rats that were divided equally into 4 groups. The control group received normal saline, and the experimental groups received CFN at dosage levels 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg bwt. Our findings revealed that CFN enhanced dose-dependent oxidative stress manifested by raising in the MDA levels and declining in the GSH content. The histopathological examination revealed interstitial pulmonary inflammation along with bronchial and alveolar damage in both 0.5 and 5 mg CFN given groups. All these lesions were confirmed by the immunohistochemical staining that demonstrated strong iNOS and Cox-2 protein expression. There was also a significant upregulation of TNFα, Cox-2, and IL-1β genes with downregulation of IL-10 and TGF-β genes. Additionally, the group receiving 0.05 mg CFN did not exhibit any considerable toxicity in all measurable parameters. We concluded that the daily oral intake of either 0.5 or 5 mg CFN, but not 0.05 mg, could induce pulmonary toxicity via NPs and/or its leached components (cobalt and iron)-mediated oxido-inflammatory stress. Our findings may help to clarify the mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity generated by these nanoparticles through outlining the standards for risk assessment in rats as a human model.
Ringworm is a worldwide distributed contagious disease infecting both man and animals that constitute an economic, zoonotic, and health problem concern all over the world. During the last decade, attention has been directed to vaccination as an ideal approach to the control of such diseases. In the present study, non-adjuvanted polyvalent vaccines were prepared from locally isolated hot and virulent dermatophyte species, namely Trichophyton verrucosum (T. verrucosum), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes), and Microsporum canis (M. canis) were immunologically evaluated. The prepared vaccine evaluation was focused on the aspects of immunogenicity and protective efficacy using guinea pigs. Both in its living or inactivated forms, the vaccine-induced significant humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and achieve proper protection of guinea pigs against challenging infections with homologous and heterologous dermatophyte strains. On the other hand, investigations on dermatophyte exo-keratinases showed that it was better produced and more expressed in a mineral-based medium containing pure keratin (3 g/L) than in the same medium with human hair supplementation (2.6 g/L). The maximum dermatophyte productivity of exo-keratinases was found to be between 18 and 21 days post-incubation. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two fractions with molecular weights of 40 kDa (fraction I) and 28 kDa (fraction II) have been identified in the culture filtrate of the three involved dermatophyte species. Both fractions demonstrated keratinolytic activity. The specific activity of the isolated keratinases (number of Keratinase units (KU)/mg protein) was stronger in fraction I, where it reached 18.75, 15.38, and 14 KU/mg protein as compared to 12.9, 8.74, and 12 KU/mg protein in fraction II of T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. canis, respectively. The dermatophyte exo-keratinases proved to be immunogenic as they stimulated high keratinase-specific antibody titers and induced strong delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions in vaccinated animals. Anti-keratinase-specific IgG was detected in sera of guinea pigs immunized with the inactivated or living polyvalent dermatophyte vaccines by a homemade enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using dermatophyte exo-keratinases as coating antigen. The intradermal injection of dermatophyte exo-keratinases induced specific delayed skin reactions in guinea pigs immunized with the inactivated or the living polyvalent dermatophyte vaccines. The intradermal injection of dermatophyte exo-keratinases in the control non-sensitized guinea pigs was associated with itching, swelling, and bloody scar formation, however, no skin indurations were formed. The development of those post-exo-keratinases injection reactions in the control non-sensitized apparently healthy guinea pigs group, suggests an exo-keratinases possible role in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis.
Several studies have looked at the bacterial population in poultry houses, but there have been few papers on mycological contamination; especially isolation of fungal isolates from cooling pads' water. As a consequence, this research aimed to isolate and identify airborne and waterborne fungi from a variety of surfaces in two closed broiler chicken housing in the Giza government. This study was carried out during the flocks' growth period (on day 10, day 30, and two hours after disinfection). Twenty water samples were collected from water lines (at the entrance and from the ends) and cooling pads. While the 30 dust samples were collected from fans and the floor to isolate airborne fungi. Following the determination of the total fungal counts, macroscopical and microscopic identifications were done. Seven fungal species belong to five separate fungal genera were isolated; Aspergillus flavus (100%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Aspergillus fumigatus (87.5%), Mucor sp. (87.5%), Penicillium sp. (75%), Fusarium sp. (37.5%), while Dematiaceous sp. (25 %) was isolated only from the waterline and the fans in house 2. Total fungal count levels were found to be lower after disinfection. Furthermore, some of them survive after disinfection. However, since fungal pollution affects the safety of the environment and drinking water, effective disinfection procedures must be used.
Rabies is a severe viral infection that causes acute encephalomyelitis, with a case fatality rate of nearly 100% following the onset of neurological clinical signs. Rabies irreversible clinical signs development can be effectively avoided with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes vaccines and anti-rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs); however, there is no treatment for symptomatic rabies. The major PEP protocol faces serious access and implementation obstacles in association with a resource-limited setting, which could be successfully overcome by substituting RIGs for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Lower production costs, consistent supply availability, long-term storage/stability, and an improved safety profile are all advantages of mAbs. The current work focuses on the key characteristics of currently developed mAbs against rabies and highlights their potential as a novel therapeutic approach. Using immunizing Freund adjuvanted emulsions of inactivated purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV, VERORAB) produced by Aventis Pasteur to immunize the BALB/c mice. The immunized BALB/c mice were tested for the production of anti-rabies virus-specific antibodies using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High-responder mice were selected for the fusion process. Hybridomas recovered from the fusion process were selected and separated from the unfused cells and unfavorable fused cells by using the selective HAT medium. Twelve days post fusion the produced hybrids were screened for production of Rabies virus-specific antibodies using ELISA. Four murine hybridomas secreting rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been properly developed. These 4 stable hybrids were successfully cloned into 4 stable clones, namely, 1E4, 1E9, 2F3, 4E1. The rabies virus specific monoclonal antibodies produced by the 4 selected hybridomas were of IgM isotype. Using Western Blot technique, the specificity of the produced hybrids was confirmed. The neutralizing potential of the prepared mAbs was evaluated and the efficacy of mAbs cocktail prepared from the 4 hybridomas to protect mice in post exposure therapy was determined. The mAbs cocktail given to mice at 24 hours post infection was able to offer 100% protection to mice challenged with 1000 LD50 of rabies virus strain whereas all control mice developed the disease.
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