The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used as a standard tool for monitoring food and animal feed contamination from the carcinogenic fumonisin B1 (FB1). Unfortunately, ELISA is not always efficient due to the instability of the antibody and enzyme components in the immunoassay, the presence of natural enzyme inhibitors in the samples and the high levels of non-specific protein binding. Additionally, the production of antibodies for ELISA can be time-consuming and costly, due to the involvement of animals in the manufacturing process. To overcome these limiting factors, a molecularly imprinted nanoparticle based assay (MINA) has been developed, where the molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) replace the primary antibody used in a competitive ELISA. Herein, computational modelling was used to design the nanoMIPs by selecting monomers that specifically interact with FB1. The affinity of the monomers to FB1 was verified by measuring their binding in affinity chromatography experiments. The nanoMIPs were produced by solid phase synthesis and the results showed that nanoMIPs had a hydrodynamic diameter of around 249 ± 29 nm. The assay tested in model samples is highly selective and does not show cross-reactivity with other mycotoxins such as fumonisin B2 (FB2), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), citrinin (CTT), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON). The MINA allows the detection of FB1 in the concentration range of 10 pM-10 nM with a detection limit of 1.9 pM and a recovery of 108.13-113.76%.
In this study, we reported the construction of Gold Nanospike (AuNS) structures on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) used for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection. This modification was prepared with a one-step electrodeposition method by controlling the electrodeposition parameters, such as applied potential and deposition time, via Constant Potential Amperometry (CPA). Those parameters and precursor solution concentration were varied to investigate the optimum electrodeposition configuration. The results confirmed that AuNS were homogenously deposited and well-dispersed on the working electrode surface of SPCE. The AuNS-modified SPCE was implemented as a non-enzymatic sensor toward dopamine and could enhance the electrocatalytic ability compared with the bare SPCE. Further examination shows that the sensing performance of the AuNS-modified SPCE produced an increase in electrochemical surface area (ECSA) at 17.25 times higher than the bare electrode, a sensitivity of 0.056 µA mM−1 cm−2 with a wide linear range of 0.2–50 µM and a detection limit of 0.33 µM. In addition, AuNS-modified SPCE can selectively detect dopamine among other interfering analytes such as ascorbic acid, urea, and uric acid, which commonly coexist in the body fluid. This work demonstrated that AuNS-modified SPCE is a prospective sensing platform for non-enzymatic dopamine detection.
Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) play important role in health both of live stock and human. Fe and Zn in organic form were claimed increasing their viabilities. They bind to certain amino acid formed as a product of microbial metabolism. The Amount Fe and Zn absorbed may indicated the Fe and Zn organic produced. The aim of the study is to determine the absorption of microelement of Fe and Zn by local isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce Fe and Zn in organic forms. S. cerevisae BCC F0205, BCC F0206, and BCC F0214 were treated with Fe or Zn 10 ppm to obtain S. cerevisae which has the highest of total concentration of Fe and Zn. Selected isolate was then treated with Fe or Zn respectively 2.5, 5, 10 ppm and their combination. Fe and Zn absorbed by isolates were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results show that S.
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma sp. is the most important disease in oil palm plantations.The effectivity of BSR control depends on early detection of this disease. The earlier the disease is known, the severity of damage could be prevented. Therefore, technology for early detection of Ganoderma infection is very important. Immunochromatographic techniques based on the reaction of antigens and antibodies can be developed for detection of Ganoderma sp infection. The objective of the study was to produce antibodies using different Ganoderma sp. In this study, immunoglobulin Y ( IgY ) against Ganoderma sp produced in chicken eggs was used as the source of antibodies. Laying hens were immunized with several types of Ganoderma sp. because it is known to have genetic variations. The source of Ganoderma sp. isolates were mycelium and exudates. The polyclonal IgY antibodies produced economically and abundantly. The antibodies derived from the mycelium showed more consistent results compared with those derived from the exudates. In addition, the antibodies derived from Ganoderma sp of Cimulang and Bekri showed higher reactivity with some of the antigens compared to those from Cisalak Baru (CSB). The characteristics and the protein profiles of antibodies produced using Cimulang, Bekri and Cisalak Baru isolates were vary in term of, sensitivity and amino acid compositions
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