This paper presented the improvement of the performance of the photovoltaic panels under Iraqi weather conditions. The biggest problem is the heat stored inside the PV cells during operation in summer season. A new design of an active cooling technique which consists of a small heat exchanger and water circulating pipes placed at the PV rear surface is implemented. Nanofluids (Zn-H2O) with five concentration ratios (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%) are prepared and optimized. The experimental results showed that the increase in output power is achieved. It was found that, without any cooling, the measuring of the PV temperature was 76°C in 12 June 2016; therefore, the conversion efficiency does not exceed more than 5.5%. The photovoltaic/thermal system was operated under active water cooling technique. The temperature dropped from 76 to 70°C. This led to increase in the electrical efficiency of 6.5% at an optimum flow rate of 2 L/min, and the thermal efficiency was 60%. While using a nanofluid (Zn-H2O) optimum concentration ratio of 0.3% and a flow rate of 2 L/min, the temperature dropped more significantly to 58°C. This led to the increase in the electrical efficiency of 7.8%. The current innovative technique approved that the heat extracted from the PV cells contributed to the increase of the overall energy output.
In industries, analysis and control of pressure and flow rate control is very difficult, this leads to factory closings and heavy maintenance through PLC and SCADA implementation. Automatic control plays an important role in the continuous operation of the system. In this project, the actual pump performance is tested in terms of pressure, efficiency, and flow rate of the pump for the operating system using a pipeline by crossing pressure in the pipeline with a length of 2 m by connecting pressure sensing equipment. The global control unit SIMATIC S7-1214 as the main decision-making unit that uses this data to make the required decisions. Thus the operation and stopping of the pump as it asks the details related to all other correct information to SCADA to monitor and control the parameters in the pipeline system of the oil pumping station. Then it performs continuous supervision of oil pump station pipeline in order to allow solving any problem and thereby regulating the control system in the structure consists of three layers. These include the first layer of field devices second remote terminal units, and third domain controllers. The signals are sent from the devices via the transmitters to the dedicated PLC boards in the second layer. The central level of SCADA contains a high-speed computer to supervise or operate the station remotely in order to display information through the LABVIEW screens that was showed the final results of pressure and flow rate by operating the system with a voltage rated by Plus With Modulation at a value of 2.73 V for both light and heavy crude oil. It was showed that the pressure value is 0.22bar and the value of the flow rate is 0.25 L/M for heavy oil. While the light is 0.23bar for pressure and the flow rate is 0.652L/M. In addition, to conducting several experiments that show that an increase in the value of the voltage obtained using heavy oil by a value of 3.77 V the pressure value becomes 0.35 bar the flow rate is at 4.78L/M, while light oil has shown the results are that the rated voltage value is 3.77 V, the pressure value is 0.33bar, and the flow rate value through the tube becomes 5.17 L/M. Thus, the greatest value of the voltage 3.77 V, The result when the flow rate through the pipeline increases rapidly, and the pressure decreases, the pipeline passes through the pipeline faster
The present research paper is on photovoltaic air conditioning system using the direct drive method. The experimental system setup arranged in Iraq at Al-taje site at longitude 44.34 and latitude 33.432 during the summer season inside a room. The proposed off-grid system consists of an array of photovoltaic, battery used to store power, PWM (pulse width modulation) charge controller, and DC air cooler. During the examination of the system, proven success of this new type(dc air conditioner ) of client urges Iraq warm conditions as an alternative type used instead of the prevailing types of air conditioners (AC air conditioner )in Iraq which consume large amounts of electrical energy and gets a cooling system for the room full working on solar energy.
Output power losses of PV module during irradiance transitions were studied. The maximum output power loss of PV module under hot spot was around 52.86%. The temperature difference between the hottest and cooled cell was about 6°C.The probable appearance of localized overheating (hot spot) represents one of the main matters for the reliability and safety of c-Si cells. It entails both a risk for the photovoltaic module's lifetime and a decrease in its operational efficiency. Partial shading is the most common cause of a hot spot in a PV system. The main aim of this work is to analyze the hotspot phenomena by I-V curve as well as IR thermography and investigate the impact of partial shading on the hottest cell experimentally to find its effect on the output power. The results show that at normal operating conditions (G=865W/m2 and Ta=39.7°C) the output power is 89.05W; the temperature difference between the hottest and cooled cell was about 6°C. Moreover, the short circuit current and consequently, the maximum output power reduced if only one cell fully or partially shaded. However, when the hottest cell is shaded by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the shaded area, the power losses were 37.17 %, 50.05%, 48.61%, and 52.86% respectively. Wheals, the hottest cell temperature was 80.6, 99.1, 101.4, and 62.4°C for 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the shading area, the major temperature difference observed at 75% of the shading area.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate was used as a source of Cu ion with five different molarities (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 2 and 0.25[Formula: see text]M). XRD, FE-SEM and TEM techniques all showed that CuO samples have polycrystalline monoclinic structure. CuO prolate spheroid is assembled from nanoparticles as building units. It was demonstrated that the purity, morphology, size range of prolate spheroid and density of nano building units are significantly influenced by Cu precursor’s molarity. The pure phase of CuO prolate spheroid was produced via molarity of 0.2[Formula: see text]M with crystallite size of 15.1565[Formula: see text]nm while the particle size of building units ranges from 16[Formula: see text]nm to 21[Formula: see text]nm. The stability of CuO nanosuspension or nanofluid was evaluated by zeta potential analysis. The obtained properties of specific structure with large surface area of CuO prolate spheroid make it a promising candidate for wide range of potential applications as in nanofluids for cooling purposes.
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