In this study, the yields and composition of essential oils obtained from the cones of Pinaceae family species natively grown in Turkey were investigated. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Oil yields were 0.13-0.48 mL/100 g in pine cones, 0.42-0.59 mL/100g in fir, 0.36 mL/100g in spruce and 0.37 mL/100g in cedar. While α-pinene (47.1-14.8%) was the main constituent of P. slyvestris, P. nigra and P. halepensis, limonene (62.8%) in P. pinea and β-pinene (39.6%) in P. brutia were found in higher amounts. Like in P. pinea, limonene was the main compound in Cedrus libani (22.7%). In fir species the major compounds were α-pinene (70.6-53.0%) and β-pinene (10.9-8.2%). Contrary to other species β-pinene (32.7%) was found as a major compound in Picea orientalis.

The volatiles of fresh leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits from bay (Laurus nolilis L.) were isolated by solvent extraction and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their odor quality was characterized by gas chomatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (HRGC-O-MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). In fresh bay leaves 1,8-cineole was the major component, together with alpha-terpinyl acetate, sabinene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-elemene, alpha-terpineol, linalool, and eugenol. Besides 1,8-cineole and the pinenes, the main components in flowers were alpha-eudesmol, beta-elemene, and beta-caryophyllene, in fruits (E)-beta-ocimene and biclyclogermacrene, and in buds (E)-beta-ocimene and germacrene D. The aliphatic ocimenes and farnesenes were absent in leaves. By using HRGC-O-MS 21 odor compounds were identified in fresh leaves. Application of AEDA revealed (Z)-3-hexenal (fresh green), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus), linalool (flowery), eugenol (clove), (E)-isoeugenol (flowery), and an unidentified compound (black pepper) with the highest flavor dilution factors. Differences between buds, flowers, fruits, and leaves with regard to the identified odor compounds are presented.

Je Tonne RohoI werden nur 30-70 kg Wasser bei einmaligern Durchgang zugesetzt; bei mehrfacher Riickfiihrung reduziert sich die Menge entsprechend. Zur Herstellung des Citratpuffers werden je Tonne Rohol 1 kg Citronensaure (100%) und 0.43 kg Natronlauge (100 YO) benotigt. Die Olverluste beim EnzyMax Degumming betragen nur ca. 0.2 YO. . Die Bereitstellung von ausreichenden Mengen an Enzymmaterial ist gesichert.Angaben zu den Investitionskosten und zur Wirtschaftlichkeit des neuen Verfahrens sind nicht Gegenstand dieser Arbeit, konnen aber mit jedern Interessenten diskutiert werden.

Lipophilic extractives of cedar wood were studied by gas chromatography -mass spectrometry. Extract content of the heartwood was observed to be considerably higher than that of the sapwood. The extractives comprise a monoterpene alcohol, ketones, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene alcohols, sesquiterpene ketones, diterpene hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, phytosterols, and fatty and resin acids. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, phytosterols and fatty acids are the main groups of components. A sesquiterpene alcohol, possibly himachalol, is the major constituent of extractives. Other important constituents dominating in the wood extractives are ß-sitosterol, oleic and linoleic acids. The presence of resin acids in cedar which does not naturally contain resin canals in the wood is of special importance in wood chemistry and forestry science.

Weathering performance of Oak (Quercus petrae) and Chestnut (Castanea sativa) as well as various exterior coatings were investigated. Alkyd primer þ alkyd paint and alkyd primer þ alkyd resin varnish increased the glossiness in chestnut and oak, respectively. Besides, alkyd primer and acrylic stain had little effect on the change of the glossiness for both species. However, alkyd stain significantly decreased the glossiness not only for chestnut but also oak after weathering. Acrylic stain receded the total color change (DE*) compared with the alkyd paint or stain. Alkyd-based stain showed much better performance against atmospheric conditions compared with other coatings.

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Fresh and old oleoresin samples from bark and cones of Abies nordmanniana and Picea onentalis were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The fresh Oleoresins from both bark and cones of Caucasian fir were mainly composed of monoterpenes (40.0% and 21.3%, respectively) and resin acids (27,4% and 36.8%). α-Pinene was the dominant constituent of monoterpenes in the bark and cone (21.9% and 17.2%) and abietic acid of the resin acids (11.4% and 19.8%). Pimaric acid, a common resin in softwood resins and oleoresins, was not found in the samples. Sesquiterpenes, resin aldehydes and resin alcohols were minor constituents of the fresh samples. Analysis of the old samples from bark of Caucasian fir presented a completely different composition. The major part of the resin was composed of resin hydrocarbons (34.1%) They were not detected in the fresh samples. The dominant constituent of the old oleoresin was abietadiene (23.0%).The fresh oleoresin samples from both bark and cones of Oriental spruce were mainly composed of resin acids (29.1% and 40.4%) and monoterpenes (28.5% and 17.5%). Abietic acid was the dominant constituent (21.4%) of the cone resin. Pimaric acid was not seen in the fresh samples. A 3 -Carene was a major constituent (14.1%) in the bark resin, but it was a trace in the cone. Sesquiterpenes, resin aldehydes and resin alcohols were minor constituents of the oleoresins. The old oleoresin sample from bark and cones were almost entirely composed of resin acids (66.2% and 62.4%). Abietic acid was the dominant constituent of the cone (32.2%) and dehydroabietic acid of the bark (18.4%). In addition to common resin acids, both of the old samples contained modified resin acids. The old samples contained also some lignans s minor constituents.