Sztmrnary.-The development of a self-disclosure inventory designed for use with adolescents is described. The inventory yields a grand disclosure score, 6 aspect-disclosure subscores, and G disclosure-to-target subscores. A method for indexing the degree of circumspecrion or differentiation exercised in self-disclosure is susgested. Highly satisfactory test-retest and split-half reliability coefficients arc reported. A rationale and supporting empirical evidence for the construct validity of the instrument are also given.
The content validity of the Parental Strengths and Needs Inventory (PSNI) for evaluating the child-rearing performance of deaf adults was assessed by replicating and extending an earlier cross-sectional descriptive study. Three types of subjects—deaf parents, hearing offspring, and hearing grandparents—provided the research data. The interview responses of 15 parent-child dyads were triangulated with grandparent questionnaire responses to identify parental issues not tapped by the closed-ended PSNI format. The content validity of the PSNI in its present form was found to be inadequate for assessing the strengths and needs of deaf parents. Recommendations for modifying the PSNI for use with deaf parents of hearing children are advanced.
We studied intergenerational modes used in fifteen family triads: hearing child, deaf parent, hearing grandparent. We videotaped semi-structured interviews of deaf parents and eldest hearing children, and surveyed grandparents by mail. All the parents were deaf from early childhood, and all but one had attended residential school. We found they used different modes in communicating with family members. Preferred mode with spouse was American Sign Language, but they switched to English-based modes with their hearing parents and offspring. Grandparents’ and hearing offsprings’ communication modes did not match those used by the parents in these families. The former relied on note-writing along with speech or used hearing grandchildren to mediate communication. Offspring used a generic form of sign with their deaf parents; their signing skill appeared to be related to both age and birth order. Deaf parents’ frequent use of signed, spoken, and written English is discussed with reference to literacy in the deaf community. Our findings raise questions about the effect of mismatched language modes on intergenerational relationships in deaf-parented families.
The relationship between the religious orientation of pastoral counselors and client-perceived empathy was investigated. Forty-six parish clergy and 96 of their clients completed Batson's (1976) Three-Dimensional Religious Orientation Scale and the Truax-Carkhuff Relationship Questionnaire, respectively. As hypothesized, end-oriented and quest-oriented clergy are perceived by their clients to be significantly more empathic than means-oriented clergy. As empathy is generally acknowledged to be vital to counseling effectiveness, the findings suggest that the means orientation to religion potentially inhibits counselor effectiveness relative to quest and end orientations. This finding implies a greater suitability of quest- and end-oriented pastoral candidates for counselor training as compared to means-oriented candidates.
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