acetic acid solution catalyzed by aluminum chloride, the successive reaction can proceed selectively, differing from the reaction without a catalyst. Under conditions of a bench-scale reactor, stirring being used, the relative flow rate of chlorine being 0.25 to 0.60, the concentration of BPA feed 10%, that of the catalyst more than 1%, and the reaction temperature 30 to 33°C, the selectivity of the catalyst for the formation of DCBPA and TCBPA was very high. The reaction apparently proceeded through three stages and TCBPA of high purity could be synthesized.

No abstract

In an investigation of the behavior of an air‐fluidized bed of glass spheres under varying interparticle forces, the results obtained are explained by hypothesizing the coexistence of particulate and aggregative fluidization. As interparticle forces are increased, a greater portion of the particles are in aggregative fluidization, resulting in a decrease in bed height. In this study water added to the fluidizing air increased the interparticle forces. Up to 0.5 mass % water was used, with a fluidized bed of glass spheres 0.013 to 0.035 in. in diameter. The resulting decrease in bed height has been correlated by means of a theoretical equation for the increase in interparticle forces due to the added water.

No abstract

Major variables reported in this study were retorting temperature, retorting atmosphere (inert, air added, air and CO added), and groundwater quality (source). All leaching tests were made at atmospheric pressure and most at room temperature. Leaching tests were made with groundwater to observe the ability of spent shale to remove materials from groundwater and the possible ability of those materials to plug the pore structure of the spent shale and to minimize further leaching. The factor having the greatest effect on leachate composition was retort temperature. The presence Of CO during high-temperature retorting suppressed the amounts of base-forming materials generated. All leachates were affected significantly by the groundwater used for leaching. As expected, more material was leached from the retorted Utah shale when the higher-purity groundwater was used. The addition of 2% Wyoming bentonite for the purpose of pH modification to the groundwater used for purpose of pH modification to the groundwater used for leaching the retoned shale 1780 and 1000 deg. C (1,436 and 1,832 deg. F) retort atmosphere: of air with 15 % CO2 added] showed tkt the bentonite had only a small effect on the leaching of monovalent cations and essentially no effect on the movement of the heavy. hazardous cations. The effect of retorting temperature was mixed with the exception of chromium, which increased four- to fivefold in the leachate. The permeability of Utah shale was determined by retorting two cons from Rock 2 at 780 deg. C (1,436 deg. F) for 48 hours in the presence of air alone. The differences in the final permeability of these cores can be attributed to differences in groundwaters. Introduction In-situ retorting of oil shale offers potential advantages over surface retorting in several circumstances. It also presents different environmental challenges than does presents different environmental challenges than does surface retorting of oil shale. Particular concern has been expressed regarding the possibility of groundwater flowing into the retorted zone after retorting has been completed. Groundwater can leach soluble materials from the retorted oil shale. Other initially soluble materials in the groundwater may be removed by precipitation as a result of reactions with the retorted oil shale. The altered groundwater might then move from the retorted zone into adjacent aquifers or to the surface. This paper reports laboratory studies conducted to clarify the effect of groundwater quality and pH modification on the composition of leachates from simulated in-situ retorted Utah oil shale. Leaching of retorted oil shale by groundwater is a very complex phenomenon, even when simulated in the laboratory. In addition, most simulated in-situ retorting and leaching experiments must be limited to a few weeks' duration. The time span of months and perhaps years of actual in-situ operations cannot be simulated. SPEJ p. 809