Synthesis Gas from Bovine Wastes

Abstract

acetic acid solution catalyzed by aluminum chloride, the successive reaction can proceed selectively, differing from the reaction without a catalyst. Under conditions of a bench-scale reactor, stirring being used, the relative flow rate of chlorine being 0.25 to 0.60, the concentration of BPA feed 10%, that of the catalyst more than 1%, and the reaction temperature 30 to 33°C, the selectivity of the catalyst for the formation of DCBPA and TCBPA was very high. The reaction apparently proceeded through three stages and TCBPA of high purity could be synthesized.

Approaches for adding value to anaerobically digested dairy fiber

“…Thermal gasification has been perhaps the most studied thermochemical process (in terms of the amount of publications) intending to transform dairy manure into value-added byproducts (e.g., fuel gases and liquids), as reported in a number of works [153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179]. However, as stated by the Midwest Energy Research Center 23 [180], no operational farm-scale gasification systems have been identified in the United States but research has been conducted only at laboratory or pilot scale.…”

“…As a result, a number of works on gasification of dairy manure were conducted during the 1970s [153,154,155,161,162,163,164]. Engler et al [155] evaluated a concept for gasification of feedlot manure considering the advantages of simultaneously producing gases (which were envisioned that could be used for power generation, raw material for ammonia synthesis, or raw material for methanol production) and ash by-product potentially usable as a fertilizer.…”

“…In the US, experimental studies on gasification of dairy manure apparently started with a work of Halligan et al [161], who investigated the potential of using cattle feedlot manure for producing ammonia synthesis gases in a bench scale fluidized-bed reactor. The range of temperatures tested was from 677 to 816 °C.…”

“…The potential ammonia production of the reactor could reach 0.5 t of NH 3 per t of dry, ash-free animal manure processed. A scaled-up version of the reactor described by [161], able to process 450 kg/day of manure, was further manufactured. The reactor was a counter-current fluidized one with airsteam mixtures to fluidize and gasify the manure.…”

Gasification of Feedlot Manure in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. The Effect of Temperature

“…The experiments were conducted in a 5 cm diameter reactor and used recycled product gas and air as the gas medium. The data were obtained for a temperature range of 894 to 950 K. Bench scale operating data were obtained by Halligan et al (1975) in a 5 cm diameter reactor, which was operated in a partial combustion mode with steam and air. The reactor was externally heated with electrical heaters, and the data were obtained between 966 and 1069 K. Mikesell et al (1978) reported limited data on the flash pyrolysis of steer manure in a multiple hearth reactor.…”