propylphenyl)pentane. 2-Lithio-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)-4,4-dimethylpentane, prepared from p-isopropyl-a-methylstyrene (0.05 mol) as described above, was allowed to react with a tenfold excess of water.The reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether and the extract washed subsequently with 1 N HC1 until the aqueous layer was acidic in order to remove TMEDA and then washed with distilled water several times. The ether layer was separated, dried over MgSOi, and concentrated on a rotary evaporator under vacuum.The 1:1 adduct, 2,2-dimethyl-4-(p-isopropyl)phenylpentane, was obtained by vacuum distillation, yield 7.37 g (67.7%), based on p-isopropyl-a-methylstyrene, bp 103-104°( 4.3 mm). The mass spectrum showed M+ 218.2.2-Dimethyl-4-phenylpentane. This compound was obtained in 68% yield, according to the above procedures starting from 0.05 mol of -methylstyrene followed by hydrolysis, bp 77-77.5 °(6.3 mm), M+ 176.2.2-Dimethyl-4-(p-rert-butylphenyl)pentane. From 8.7 g ofp-tertbutyl-a-methylstyrene, according to the above procedure, was obtained 9.4 g, 81% yield, of the title compound, bp 103-105°( 2.2 mm), M+ 232.2.2-Dimethyl-4-phenylpentane-4-if. The procedure was identical with that described above except the benzyllithium solution was hydrolyzed with D20. Vacuum distillation gave 5.2 g, 58.6% yield, of product, bp 78-78.5°(6.7 mm), M+ 177.2,2-Dimethyl-4-(p-isopropyl)phenylpentane-4-i7. The procedure was identical with that described above except the benzyllithium solution was hydrolyzed with DzO. Vacuum distillation gave 8.0 g, 73.2% yield, bp 106-107°( 4.9 mm), M+ 219. 2,2-Dimethyl-4-(3,5-di-rer?-butyl)phenylpentane-4-
In spite of recent embargoes and cuts in production and exports by oil-producing nations, in spite of a continuing upward climb in prices of imported oil after a quadrupling of costs in 1973-74, in spite of diminishing domestic reserves of petroleum and natural gas, the U. S. continues its profligate consumption of energy in 1980 (Table 1). With 6% of the world's ~ooulation. our share of the world's energy use is still almost 50%. We import roughly half of the oil we use-about 25% of our total annual enerev suoolv. Our -. ... balance of payments, and hence our economy and the international monetary system, our national security, and our image abroad all suffer as we pay in excess of $200 million per day for our energy imports. Outlook on Conventional Forms of EnergyThere is little hope that domestic production of natural gas and oil can he maintained at its current level over the next several decades. Our readily accessible supplies of these fuels are fast disa~~earing. Enhanced recoverv from old sources and Table 1. Enerav Facls. U. S.. 19791 6 ) Fuel Consumption Total Reduction Imports Petroleum 6.7 X loe bbls 47.4 3.5 X lo9 bbls 3.0 X lo9 (37.1Q8) Coal 662.5 X 10etonsr 19.5 775.8 X loe tons (15.2Ql (17.80) Electricityd Wdmpower 257.1 X 1OSkWh 4.1 257.1 X log kwh (3.201 Nuclear 234.8 X lo9 kWh 3.6 234.6 X lo* kwh (2.801Geolhermal and Mher 3.9 X lo9 k w h 0.1 3.9 X loe kwh (0.101 '1 0 = 1 quadrillion Blu = 1 0 '~m %.os X n'natural as, e x a r m energy than current supplies.Although the U.S. has an abundance of coal and hence no absolute energy crisis, there is a crisis in our supply of liquid fuel, petroleum. Dependent on this source of fuel oils and gasoline are virtually our entire transportation network, a large fraction of our space-heating equipment, many industrial process heat-and steam-generating facilities, and even a substantial number of electricity-generating plants. In the last several years some formerly oil-fired steam generators in industries and utilities and some space heaters have been converted to natural gas or coal. However, natural gas woolies and the concomitant probable climatic changes), various technologies for coal gasification and liquefaction are being developed. Certainly a long-range partial solution to the problem, these synthetic fuels are not yet in the pilot-plant stage, hence are not the answer to current and immediatefuture shortages of fuels. They also will enter the market at much higher prices than we currently encounter for similar fuels.
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