Cold spray (CS) belongs to a wide family of thermal spray technology with the difference that it is a solid state process in which spray particles are deposited via supersonic velocity impact at a temperature much below the melting point of the spray material. This paper briefly describes the various aspects of this rapidly emerging technology, with almost all the important parameters which affect the deposition behavior along with advantages and limitations; applications and history of emergence of this process is also reviewed. Though this technology emerges three decades ago but still it could not establish itself as viable practical industrial technology. Hence, the efforts, along with funding from public/private sources are required to commercialize this coating process. It is expected that next decade will saw the growth of cold spray as a viable coating process around the globe.
Abstract:The main objectives of this socio-technical study are to investigate the Indian farmers' biomass production capacities and their perceptions and willingness to supply their surplus biomass to fuel an envisioned biomass-based power plant in three selected Indian states: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. For doing so, 471 farmers (about one-third from each state) have been interviewed in the field with info-sheet filled in by the field investigators. The farmers from all of the states appeared very much willing to sell their surplus biomass directly to a power plant. The farmers seem to depreciate the involvement of a middleman in the biomass procurement process. The farmers, however, appeared to highly appreciate a community-based association to regulate the biomass prices, with varying perceptions regarding government intervention. The majority of the farmers perceived the establishment of a biomass-based power plant in their region with positive economic outcomes. The farmers identified several barriers to supply biomass to a power plant where transportation logistics appeared to be the main barrier. The study recommends considering biomass collection, storage and transportation logistics as a fundamental segment of any envisioned investment in a biomass-based power plant. Biomass processing, such as pelletization or briquetting is recommended for efficient transportation of biomass at longer distances to reduce the transportation costs. The study further encourages the
OPEN ACCESSChallenges 2015, 6 43 establishment of a farmers' association aimed at collecting and selling biomass in agriculture areas predominant for small land holdings.
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