– The aim of this research is to know the impact of the applying of problem-based learning with animation toward the critical thinking skill and result of learning physics of student of SMAN 5 Mataram academic year 2016/2017. This research is belong to quasi experiment with pretest-postest control group design. The population is all student of XI MIPA at SMAN 5 Mataram, while the sample are class XI MIPA 4 as the experimental class, and the XI MIPA 6 as control class. The sample taken by the random sampling. The collect of data is done by give the test, 20 multiple choice to knowing the result of learning phyisics and 5 essay for knowing the student’s critical thinking skill. The collected data has been analyzed by using the -test. The result of this research shows that (1) there is an impact of the applying of problem-based learning with animation toward the student’s critical thinking skill that includes the ability in: (a) focusing the question, (b) analyzing the argument/identificating the reason, (c) inducing and considering the result of induction, (d) evaluating the result of consideration, (e) giving the reason; (2) there is an impact of the applying of problem-based learning with animation toward the student’s result of learning physics that includes the result of learning in the cognitif area that follow the Bloom’s taxonomy, that is C1 till C6 (remembering, knowing, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating).
The synthesis of the SnO2 thin film with doped materials of aluminum, fluorin indium, a combination of aluminum and indium, a combination of aluminum and fluorine, an a combination of the three doping agents, namely aluminum, fluorine, and indium have be successfully carried out. The purpose of this synthesis is to determine the effect of the vario doping materials on the resulting bandgap energy value. The thin layer was synthesized usi the sol-gel spin coating technique with the ratio of the base material and doping material us were 95: 5% and 85: 15%. The results showed that the higher the doping materi concentration, the resulting bandgap energy value decreased. In addition, the highest bandg energy value is found in the SnO2 thin film with indium doping, namely for direct 3.62 eV (9 5% percentage) and 3.59 eV (percentage 85: 15%), while the indirect bandgap energy value 3, 92 eV (percentage 95: 5%) and 3.67 eV (percentage 85: 15%). The lowest energy band g value is found in the SnO2 thin film with a combination of the three doping aluminum, fluorin and indium, namely for direct 3.50 eV (95: 5% percentage) and 3.41 eV (percentage 85: 15% while the energy band gap value is indirect. namely 3.81 eV (percentage 95: 5%) and 3.55 e (percentage 85: 15%). All the energy band gap range in semiconductor materials.
This paper develops a methodology to measure the degree of economic integration between nations that are members of an integrated area. We show that a fully integrated economic area (IEA) is characterized by three properties regarding the distribution of member shares of total IEA output and total IEA stocks of physical and human capital. We then show that the expected distribution of member shares within a fully IEA is a harmonic series, with the share distribution depending only on the number of IEA members. This property is then used to develop a composite indicator of the degree of economic integration within an IEA that indicates the distance between the theoretical and actual distribution of shares: the closer is the actual distribution to the expected distribution, the greater the degree of integration. We empirically compute our degree of integration for US states, and alternative regional trading agreements (e.g., EU countries, MERCOSUR, Bangkok Agreement, etc.) and a “world” comprising 64 countries
A belief that EU integration is incomplete is often predicated on a comparison to U.S.states. Yet, with low barriers to trade and factor mobility between EU countries, is this belief correct? To address this question, we develop three theoretical predictions regarding the distribution of output and factors across members of an integrated economic area with harmonized policies and free movement of goods and factors. Empirical tests strongly support these predictions for U.S. states and 14 EU countries. Constructing a measure of integration, we find that EU integration rose from the 1960s to equal that of U.S. states by 2000.
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