The electrochemical oxidation of aldehyde-N-aroylhydrazone has been studied in the presence of NaClO 4 as supporting electrolyte in MeOH solution using cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis.The results indicate that intramolecular cyclization of aldehyde-N-aroylhydrazone has been successfully performed at a platinum electrode in an undivided cell with good yields of the corresponding 1,3,4oxadiazoles at ambient conditions. The reaction products were characterized by spectroscopic methods and a mechanism was deduced from voltammetry studies. The antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated on Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The results revealed that all the synthesized compounds have significant antifungal activity against the tested fungi. Among the synthesized derivatives 7b, 7d, 7g, 7h, 7i, 7j and 7r were found to be the most effective antifungal compounds.
Microbial α-galactosidase preparations have implications in medicine and in the modification of various agricultural products as well. In this paper, four isolated fungal strains such as AL-3, WF-3, WP-4 and CL-4 from rhizospheric soil identified as Penicillium glabrum (AL-3), Trichoderma evansii (WF-3), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (WP-4) and Penicillium flavus (CL-4) based on their morphology and microscopic examinations, are screened for their potential towards α-galactosidases production. The culture conditions have been optimized and supplemented with specific carbon substrates (1%, w/v) by using galactose-containing polysaccharides like guar gum (GG), soya casein (SC) and wheat straw (WS). All strains significantly released galactose from GG, showing maximum production of enzyme at 7th day of incubation in rotary shaker (120 rpm) that is 190.3, 174.5, 93.9 and 28.8 U/mL, respectively, followed by SC and WS. The enzyme activity was stable up to 7days at −20°C, then after it declines. This investigation reveals that AL-3 show optimum enzyme activity in guar gum media, whereas WF-3 exhibited greater enzyme stability. Results indicated that the secretion of proteins, enzyme and the stability of enzyme activity varied not only from one strain to another but also differed in their preferences of utilization of different substrates.
Nano-technology is being frequently used in several aspect of life. Chemical and physical methods of nanoparticle synthesis generally involve high temperature, vacuum condition and harsh/toxic chemicals that cause adverse impact on environments including humans and are costly. Hence, there is a need of alternative method to synthesize nanoparticles. Biological approach that connects nanotechnology with plant extracts, fungi, honey etc. is the possible alternative of chemical and physical methods of nonparticles synthesis. Bio-tools are adapted in nano-biotechnology to promote the safer and sustainable application. This review focuses on the use of nano-catalysis and green chemistry for development of non-particles and their effective application in various biological and industrial, medical, agriculture etc.
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