An analysis of Canada's foreign policy toward the United States from 1963 to 1972 is used in a test of a theory of foreign policies of subordinate states in asymmetrical dyads. In this theory the interaction of two conditions—the state of a nation's economy and the extent of concentration in its linkages with a superordinate power, along with a set of conditioning environmental factors—are used to explain the foreign policy actions of the subordinate state. The findings confirm the importance of the two main exogenous factors and the environmental variables, but the interactive effect of economic performance and linkage concentration is not corroborated. In particular the statistical effects of the economic performance variable on the foreign policy indicators are positive where a negative sign was predicted.
Beyond Deterrence" represents an important piece of cumulative scholarship that extends the authors' previous work, notably Lebow's Between Peace and War (1981), and Jervis, Lebow, and Stein's Psychology and Deterrence (1985). The present essay recapitulates their central thesis that deterrence is flawed as a theory of international relations and hazardous as a strategy of conflict behavior. Their work, from the outset, has been an intellectual tour de force of enormous scope, which applies theories of psychology to historical case material, thereby challenging one of the principal theories of contemporary international relations that derives its origin from game theory. One can hardly ask for a more interdisciplinary endeavor. The historical record of repeated deterrence failures, together with the problematic status of deterrence successes addressed in this paper, prompt the authors to propose as an alternative to deterrence a more balanced strategy of conflict management that would creatively integrate the punitive attributes of deterrence with the positive elements of reassurance.As an essay, "Beyond Deterrence" represents the best of this particular genre of scholarship: it is carefully organized, rich in historical illustrations and interpretations, and often counterintuitive in its line of argument. For all their intellectual and political commitment to a strategy of reassurance, Lebow and Stein are candid in their critical assessment of the difficulties of successfully launching such a strategy. The discussion of deterrence success and of the espoused strategy of reassurance, as presented in the essay, does not fully match the in-depth understanding of deterrence failure that distinguished Psychology and Deterrence. That book was the end product of an exhaustive research effort, whereas the present paper serves to stake out the authors' intellectual position, to
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