village form their supply store, their cooperative dairy, their " control " society, bull club, horse-breeding or egg collecting society, all being cooperative and all being independent of one another, although the members and even the committee members are often the same individuals. The cooperative societies of the same kind in the villages in a district have in many cases formed an Association, and similar Associations would be formed in other districts, for instance, Associations of Cooperative Dairy Societies or Associations of Bull Clubs. These district associations, in some instances, again combine within larger districts or within the three provinces, Sealand, PREFACE xi Funen, and Jutland, to form Provincial Unions, but each keeps strictly to its own sphere, the Provincial Union of Horse Breeding Societies, for instance, being independent of the Provincial Union of Cooperative Dairy Societies, although it may very well happen that some prominent peasant may be a member of the committee of more than one Association or Union in his district or province. The Provincial Unions of the dairy societies have combined to form a Central Organisation for the whole country. In some instances the local cooperative societies, such as the Cooperative Bacon Factories, each of which serves a fairly large district, have formed a Union for the whole country, as also have most of the Cooperative Distributive Societies. These Associations or Unions have no power to interfere in the working or management of the independent local societies ; their function is generally restricted to giving advice, helping to keep the societies on uniform lines, and representing them in their relationship to others ; or they take up work which the local societies could not do, such as the collection of statistics. The more important of these Central or Provincial Unions together with some large cooperative societies extending their operations to the whole country, have combined to form a central representative body, the Central Cooperative Committee (" Andelsudvalget "), which thus forms as it were the keystone to the complete arch. < It is only quite recently that the question of cooperative short credit, as distinct from the Credit Associations, has been taken up by Danish peasants through the Cooperative Village Banks. At the same time, the more complete organisation, through the Central Cooperative Committee, has enabled the cooperative societies to form a Cooperative Bank. It is the intention in future to call large annual meetings of delegates from all the cooperative associations affiliated to or represented on the Central Cooperative Committee for the discussion of all cooperative questions of a general nature, and for the purpose of voicing the wishes of the cooperative societies, for instance, in their relation to the State. An important development which seems to indicate a possible solution of the difficult problem of how to counteract trusts and similar combines has been successfully practised xii PEEFACE. / by Danish co-operators ...
Microscopic cavities were observed by Davy in 1822 and by Brewster in 1826 in various crystals of minerals and were more thoroughly studied by H. C. Sorby (J) who in 1858 from his observations drew certain conclusions as to the origin of minerals and rocks. Sorby examined first the microscopic structure of crystals which he had made under different conditions from solutions of various salts. The crystals contained microscopic cavities which were sometimes filled with a liquid, viz. that from which the crystals had been formed, the mother-liquor. If the crystals were formed at an elevated temperature the liquid enclosed in the cavities would contract when cooled and formed what looked like air bubbles. If the crystals were heated, the liquid would expand and would again fill the cavities. Some crystals would contain real air-bubbles or crystals of other salts; and all this as natural consequences of the varying conditions under which the crystals had been formed. Sorby then examined the crystals of minerals and found in them, and particularly in quartz in rocks, similar phenomena as those observed in the artificial crystals and therefrom drew his conclusions as to the origin of the minerals. In the sixth chapter he deals with minerals and rocks formed by combined action of heat and water, and he speaks particularly about the formation of granite.
The figures included in brackets refer to samples which were so small that it way not deemed advisable to include them in the percentage table.
village form their supply store, their co-operative dairy, their " control " society, bull club, horse-breeding or egg collecting society, all being co-operative and all being independent of one another, although the members and even the committee members are often the same individuals. The co-operative societies of the same kind in the villages in a district have in many cases formed an Association, and similar Associations would be formed in other districts, for instance, Associations of Co-operative Dairy Societies or Associations of Bull Clubs.These district associations, in some instances, again combine within larger districts or within the three provinces, Sealand, PREFACExi Funen, and Jutland, to form Provincial Unions, but each keeps strictly to its own sphere, the Provincial Union of Horse Breeding Societies, for instance, being independent of the Provincial Union of Co-operative Dairy Societies, although it may very well happen that some prominent peasant may be a member of the committee of more than one Association or Union in his district or province. The Provincial Unions of the dairy societies have combined to form a Central Organisation for the whole country. In some instances the local co-operative societies, such as the Co-operative Bacon Factories, each of which serves a fairly large district, have formed a Union for the whole country, as also have most of the Co-operative Distributive Societies.These Associations or Unions have no power to interfere in the working or management of the independent local societies ; their function is generally restricted to giving advice, helping to keep the societies on uniform lines, and representing them in their relationship to others ; or they take up work which the local societies could not do, such as the collection of statistics.The more important of these Central or Provincial Unions together with some large co-operative societies extending their operations to the whole country, have combined to form a central representative body, the Central Co-operative Committee (" Andelsudvalget "), which thus forms as it were the keystone to the complete arch. < It is only quite recently that the question of co-operative short credit, as distinct from the Credit Associations, has been taken up by Danish peasants through the Co-operative Village Banks. At the same time, the more complete organisation, through the Central Co-operative Committee, has enabled the co-operative societies to form a Co-operative Bank. It is the intention in future to call large annual meetings of delegates from all the co-operative associations affiliated to or represented on the Central Co-operative Committee for the discussion of all co-operative questions of a general nature, and for the purpose of voicing the wishes of the co-operative societies, for instance, in their relation to the State. An important development which seems to indicate a possible solution of the difficult problem of how to counteract trusts and similar combines has been successfully practised xii PEEFACE . / by D...
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