Aim: In a bid to reduce the environmental impact from the use of herbicides, chitosan was used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles and the controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pendimethalin copper-chitosan nanoparticles (Pend-CuCtsNPs). Methodology: The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX). Average crystalline size of the nanoparticles was estimated from the Debye-Scherrer's equation. Results: The yield of the synthesized CuCtsNPs increased linearly with the weight of the starting material with percentage yield of 93.8% for the 0.8% chitosan matrix. Encapsulation efficiency of the nano-formulation fell within 57.5 and 92.7%. The aqueous release studies of Pend-CuCtsNPs, monitored for 96 hours in a batch release mode were carried out in three different pH media and percentage herbicide released for all composites showed that the release in pH 5.5 (acidic) medium was higher and the lowest release was recorded for pH 7.0 (neutral) medium. There was a

With the stated advantages of finer adsorbent of high surface area, why then do manufacturers design unspecified active carbons of granular size even for the removal of medium size particles? This research attempts to provide one of such answers. A batch equilibrium adsorption study was carried out to assess the adsorption capacity and intensities of methyl red dye onto “Received” Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and “formulated” Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) .The equilibrium data obtained were modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms. The data fitted best with the Langmuir model which was predicted by the highest R² value (0.981). The experiment carried out demonstrated that GAC had a higher adsorption efficiency range of 33.4% to 93.55% and a high adsorption capacity of 1.176 mg/g. Generally, the research ascertained the reason why the manufacturer supplied the chosen adsorbent as “granulated particulate” instead of “powdered” as formulated for the purpose of this research

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Fish is easily contaminated from water prone to water pollution. In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish samples processed, using three methods and marketed in Makurdi, Benue state, were determined. The samples were coded as SF (Smoked Fish), SD (Sundried) and FD (fried) fish samples. PAHs in the samples were quantified, using gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The Ʃ16PAH concentrations were in the range of 0.2- 10.0 mg/kg. Both LPAHs/HPAHs and the binary diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicated pyrogenic and petrogenic sources Ʃ16PAH and their dominant PAH ring-types were separately computed for each sample. The six-membered ring PAHs in smoked fish was 32.07% (with Bezo(ghi)perylene as most dominant). High levels of six member ring PAHs (Dibenz(a,h) anthracene) were also found in Sundried fish and fried fish contain Dibenz(a,h) anthracene. Generally, the PAHs concentrations in the samples, pointed more at pyrogenic than the petrogenic source. With exception of the five and six membered rings, estimated PAH levels were within the NAFDAC permissible limits.

Intensive use of the herbicides and other classes of chemicals products in agricultural practices has resulted in serious environmental impact, which increased the level of the herbicide residues in natural water, soil, and foodstuffs. Controlled release nano-formulation of herbicides in which the herbicides are incorporated in a nano-sized matrix might be an excellent alternative over the conventional methods of herbicides application that usually employed to control the pathogens, weeds, and several pests, thereby limiting the amount of the active ingredient available for unwanted processes. This review presents a better approach using nanotechnology for controlled release formulation of herbicides in agriculture.

Additional consideration is that most research to datehas focused on the effects of anemiabut few works has been done to investigate whether iron supplement foods and drugs has the accurate specification as claimed by manufacturers. In this instrumental analytical study, two methods (viz: Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry) were utilized to investigate the level of Fe contents in branded capsules and their respective tonics marketed in pharmaceutical stores within Aliero metropolis, Nigeria. The comparative test analysis of iron content in five branded Tonics and their Capsules using two different methods revealed that none of the capsules have the same amount of label iron contents with their corresponding tonic equivalents. Capsule A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 showed a difference of 0.465mg/L, 0.26mg/L, 1.472mg/L, 0.897mg/L and 1.114mg/L, with their respective Tonics using Spectrophotometric method, while in Colorimetric method, capsule A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 showed a difference of 3.65mg/L, 3.15mg/L, 0.77mg/L, 4.14mg/L and 4.64mg/L with their corresponding Tonics. The correlation coefficient value (R 2 ) was high and positive for both Spectrophotometric and colorimetric standards. The values were 0.998 and 0.964 respectively. On the same fashion, the sensitivity of Analytical methods was observed by difference to favour Spectrophotometric than it does for the colorimetric method.