Microbial
disinfection associated with medical device surfaces
has been an increasing need, and surface modification strategies such
as antibacterial coatings have gained great interest. Here, we report
the development of polydopamine-ferrocene (PDA-Fc)-functionalized
TiO2 nanorods (Ti-Nd-PDA-Fc) as a context-dependent antibacterial
system on implant to combat bacterial infection and hinder biofilm
formation. In this work, two synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms
of the PDA-Fc coating are proposed. First, the PDA-Fc coating is redox-active
and can be locally activated to release antibacterial reactive oxygen
species (ROS), especially ·OH in response to the acidic microenvironment
induced by bacteria colonization and host immune responses. The results
demonstrate that redox-based antimicrobial activity of Ti-Nd-PDA-Fc
offers antibacterial efficacy of over 95 and 92% against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia
coli (E. coli), respectively. Second, the photothermal
effect of PDA can enhance the antibacterial capability upon near-infrared
(NIR) irradiation, with over 99% killing efficacy against MRSA and E. coli, and even suppress the formation of biofilm
through both localized hyperthermia and enhanced ·OH generation.
Additionally, Ti-Nd-PDA-Fc is biocompatible when tested with model
pre-osteoblast MC-3T3 E1 cells and promotes cell adhesion and spreading
presumably due to its nanotopographical features. The MRSA-infected
wound model also indicates that Ti-Nd-PDA-Fc with NIR irradiation
can effectively eliminate bacterial infection and suppress host inflammatory
responses. We believe that this study demonstrates a simple means
to create biocompatible redox-active coatings that confer context-dependent
antibacterial activities to implant surfaces.
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