History of Education Quarterly crisis in the relationships between the sexes: the declining birthrate, firstwave feminism, and an increased participation in paid work (other than domestic service) by women led to a renewed emphasis on the ideology of separate spheres and a push by "experts" to safeguard the reproduction of the superior white race in this endangered colonial outpost. Enter also the notion of the adolescent, a euphemism, Miller argues, for the depen dent child, and the result of an "anxious scrutiny of the passage between childhood and adulthood" (p. 89). These political, economic, and social forces, Miller argues, ushered into existence the hierarchical and gendered structures of secondary edu cation that characterized South Australia, and indeed all the Australian states, by the 1920s, and that still perplex American visitors in the 1980s: the dominance of the fee-charging private/church schools was assured by the preservation of the academic, university-oriented curriculum as the most prestigious form of knowledge (one of the many contradictions in a society that talked ceaselessly about the need for technical education in the national interest); a small number of academic, intermittently feecharging state high schools was established, modeling themselves on the private schools, with secondary education for working-class children bi furcated into technical schools for boys and domestic high schools for girls. Where fees could not do the trick, the orderly transition of children into "appropriate" secondary schools was presided over by a growing army of educational "experts"-indeed, Miller argues, the need to decide who should have access to'the "scarce resource" of academic secondary education (i.e., the definition and measurement of intelligence) set the agenda for educational research for much of the twentieth century. By and large, things had not changed much when this reviewer entered a state high school in the early 1950s. Its disquieting implications for edu cation today ensure that Pavla Miller's book will be controversial and, it is hoped, widely read.
In his trail-blazing book, Escape from Predicament, Thomas Metzger opens up new vistas on both Neo-Confucianism and modern Chinese thought. In this article I intend to engage not so much in a critique of his book as in a dialogue that he and I have carried on for a number of years.
When we research the development of Chinese terms in chemistry, a historical study of the Japanese approach to chemical nomenclature needs also to be considered. The Chinese terms yuansu (element), yuanzi (atom), fenzi (molecular), dangliang (valence), youji (organic) and wuji (inorganic) were derived from Japanese, and were introduced after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). However, the Chinese nomenclature had also a great impact on the development of Japanese terms in chemistry. So the influence of the Chinese terms is no doubt a point to be discussed when considering chemical terms in Japanese. The term huaxue (chemistry), for example, was coined in the middle of nineteenth century in China and was then introduced into Japan soon after. The Japanese term kagaku (chemistry) came to be widely used in public in the 1870s.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.