There are only a few long-term investigations on root-resected teeth in the literature. This article is a 10-year review of 28 root-resection cases, which mainly had been used as bridge abutments. The periodontal, prosthetic, and endodontic problems were evaluated. After 10 years a total failure rate of 32% was observed. The analysis of the failure causes revealed that endodontic--not periodontal--complications were predominating. The study also includes a comparison of root-resected teeth restored with root screws and composite cores versus those which had been restored with cast gold dowels, showing that both types of reconstruction had the same durability concerning the risk of root fractures or loss of retention.
The limitations of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) presently in use mainly concern the stability of the calibration values. By applying optimal membrane technologies and optimized reference electrodes a perfectly symmetric measuring system including a symmetric ISE membrane has been developed. Thus, stable standard potentials of the cell assembly, both before and after serum contact, as well as theoretical slopes of the electrode response have been obtained. Results of calibration-free assays of K+ and Na+ concentrations in aqueous calibration solutions and in undiluted human serum are presented. The precision required in fully met for K+ measurements in aqueous solutions and in sera of the normal as well as pathological concentration range. In addition, the precision of Na+ assays in aqueous calibration solutions and in serum samples of the normal concentration range is close to the required values.
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