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The risk of collision between shuttle tanker and FPSO during off-loading is strongly dependent on Human and Organisational Factors. The contributions to the collision frequency have been analysed in terms of Risk Influencing Factors, which are structured in an extensive risk influence diagram. Contributions from various Risk Influencing Factors is achieved by data from incidents and near misses, as well as from expert meetings. Recommendations for risk reduction are presented in relation to field configuration, minimum time to be available for recovery from drive-off scenarios, as well as crew competence, positioning systems, interface on shuttle tanker, FPSO and between the vessels.

Abstract:In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the use of in-home displays affects daily practices and electricity consumption. Through two pilot projects, in-home displays were installed in 33 Norwegian homes, and we provide a qualitative analysis of the effects. The results point to the potential differences in the ways households interact with the in-home displays. The effects differed among various groups according to people's previous experiences with monitoring and their level of affluence. In the sample, affluent respondents living in detached houses tended to be accustomed to monitoring consumption before the display was introduced. These families used the display for controlling that "nothing was wrong", but they did not use the information provided by the display to initiate new energy saving measures. In contrast, among less affluent flat owners the notion of "control" was specifically linked to the family's management of finances, and in this sense the displays empowered them. In addition, the results indicate that the in-home display for this group resulted in electricity savings. The study adds to earlier research on the effects of in-home displays by showing the importance of previous experience with monitoring electricity for the effects of feedback and by highlighting not only energy savings but also social effects of displays.

Norway is currently the largest market in the world for electric vehicles compared to the total number of vehicles sold, and there is also a political goal in Norway to stop the sale of new conventional cars 1 by 2025. Changing to nonemission transport can result in approx. 1.5 mill. private electric vehicles in 2030, resulting in an energy need of 4 TWh, which represents an increase of 3% of the Norwegian electricity consumption. The increased number of electric vehicles will not be an energy problem, but it can be a capacity related problem in the distribution grid if all households are charging at the same time -in addition to their usual consumption of electricity. This paper presents results from a research project evaluating the consequences of the increasing share of electric vehicles and the potential for demand response and flexibility in charging. Results are based on a survey performed among households with electric vehicles and meter data of the energy consumption from charging of a selection of the most common electrical vehicles in Norway.

The lack of a good understanding of customer needs within eservice initiatives caused severe financial losses in the Norwegian energy sector, resulting in the failure of e-service initiatives offering packages of independent services. One of the causes was a poor elicitation and understanding of the e-services at hand. In this paper, we propose an ontologically founded approach (1) to describe customer needs, and the necessary e-services that satisfy such needs, and (2) to bundle elementary e-services into needs-satisfying e-service bundles. The ontology as well as the associated reasoning mechanisms are codified in RDFS to enable software support for need elicitation and service bundling. A case study from the Norwegian energy sector is used to demonstrate how we put our theory into practice. This work has been partially supported by the European Commission, as project No. IST-2001-33144 OBELIX (Ontology-Based ELectronic Integration of compleX products and value chains) and by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, as the FrUX project (Freeband User eXperience).

Current eCommerce is still mainly characterized by the trading of commodity goods. Many industries offer complex compositions of goods based on customers' specifications. This is facilitated by a component-based description of goods, supported by a variety of product classification schemes, e.g., UNSPSC and eCl@ss. These focus on physical goods -wrongly referred to as products -rather than on services. Services are intangible products, for instance insurances, transportation, network connectivity, events hosting, entertainment or energy supply. Due to major differences between goods and services, product classification schemes cannot support automated service scenarios, such as a customer who wishes to define and buy a set of independent services, possibly supplied by multiple suppliers, via one website. To enable such eCommerce scenarios for services, a service ontology is required that supports a component-based structure of services. Defining a set of services is then reduced to a configuration task, as studied in the knowledge management literature. In this paper we use a case study from the Norwegian energy sector to describe how a component-based ontological description of services facilitates the automated design of a set of services, a so called service bundle.

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